1. Overview of Graphics Systems
CHAPTER – 1(b)
Overview of Graphics Systems

2. Video Display Devices Instructions are stored in a display memory
display file
display list
Modes:
immediate – each element is processed and displayed
retained – objects are defined & stored in a display list on a server & redisplayed on the client request
Fig. Early graphics systems
Fig. Display processor architecture

3. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

4. CRT-CATHODE RAY TUBE
A beam of electrons (cathode rays) emitted by an electron gun, passes through focusing and deflection systems that direct the beam toward specified positions on the phosphor-coated screen.
The phosphor then emits a small spot of light at each position contacted by the electron beam. Because the light emitted by the phosphor fades very rapidly, some method is needed for maintaining the screen picture.
One way to keep the phosphor glowing is to redraw the picture repeatedly by quickly directing the electron beam back over the same points. This type of display is called a refresh CRT.
The frequency at which picture is redrawn on the screen is referred as the refresh rate.

5. CRT
The maximum number of points that can be displayed without overlap on a CRT is referred to as the resolution.
The resolution of a CRT is dependent on the type of phosphor, the intensity to be displayed, and the focusing and deflection systems.
Typical resolution on high-quality systems is 1280 by 1024, with higher resolutions available on many systems is referred as high-definition (HD) systems.

6. Raster Scan Systems
In a raster-scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. Each row is referred as a scan line.
As the electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots.
Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer or frame buffer.
This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points.

7. Raster Scan Systems
Stored intensity values are then retrieved from the refresh buffer and "painted" on the screen one row (scan line) at a time.
Each screen point is referred to as a pixel or pel (picture element). Refresh buffer is used to store the set of screen color values, it is called color buffer.
The capability of a raster-scan system to store intensity information for each screen point, makes it well suited for the realistic display of scenes containing fine shading and color patterns.
Examples: Home television sets and printers

8. Raster Scan Systems

9. Raster Scan Systems Aspect ratio = number of pixel columns
number of scan lines that can be display on the system
Depth: Number of bits per pixel in a frame buffer
Bitmap: A frame buffer with one bit per pixel
Pixmap: frame buffer with multiple bit per pixel
Refresh rate: units of cycles per second or Hertz (Hz),
where cycle is referred to as one frame.

10. Architecture of a Raster-graphics system

11. Clients-Servers
Examples: Distributed computing and networks Distributed graphics, projection walls etc.

12. Viewing Systems
Flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight, and power requirements compared to a CRT.
thinner than CRTs, and we can hang them on walls or wear them on our wrists and even write on some flat-panel displays
Examples: pocket notepads, small TV monitors,
calculators, pocket video games, laptop computers,
armrest viewing of movies on airlines,
advertisement boards in elevators, and
as graphics displays in application - portable monitors.

13. 3-Dimensional viewing devices
Graphics monitors for the display of 3-D’lscenes
Technique that reflects a CRT image from a vibrating, flexible mirror
Example: Genisco SpaceGraph system
Applications:
used in medical applications to analyze data from ultra-sonography and CAT scan devices,
in geological applications to analyze topological and seismic data,
in design applications involving solid objects, and
in 3-D’l simulations of systems, such as molecules and terrain.

14. 3-Dimensional viewing devices
(2) Technique for representing 3-D’l objects is displaying stereoscopic views
component in virtual-reality systems, where users can step into a scene and interact with the environment.
An interactive virtual-reality environment can also be viewed with stereoscopic glasses and a video monitor, instead of a headset.

15. Input Devices
Keyboards - An alphanumeric keyboard on a graphics system is used primarily as a device for entering text strings.
Mouse - small hand-held box used to position the screen cursor.
Trackball and Spaceball - can be rotated with the fingers or palm of the hand, to produce screen-cursor movement. Trackball is a 2-D’l positioning device,
Spaceball provides six degrees of freedom and used for 3-D’l positioning and selection operations in virtual-reality systems, modeling, animation, CAD, and other applications.
Joysticks - consists of a small, vertical lever mounted on a base that is used to steer the screen cursor around.

16. Input Devices
Data Glove - used to grasp a "virtual" object. The glove is constructed with a series of sensors that detect hand and finger motions.
Digitizers - common device for drawing, painting, or interactively selecting coordinate positions on an object is a digitizer.
Example: Graphics tablet - used to input 2-D’l coordinates by activating a hand cursor or stylus at selected positions on a flat surface.
Image Scanners - Drawings, graphs, color and black-and-white photos, or text can be stored for computer processing with an image scanner by passing an optical scanning mechanism over the information to be stored.
Touch panels allow displayed objects or screen positions to be selected with the touch of a finger. Example: Graphical icons.
Light Pens - pencil-shaped devices are used to select screen positions by detecting the light coming from points on the CRT screen.

17. HARD COPY DEVICES Hard-copy devices for graphics workstations
Examples: standard printers and plotters, devices for producing slides, transparencies, and film output.
Printer Types: dot matrix, laser, ink jet, electrostatic, and electro-thermal.
Plotter methods include pen plotting and combination printer-plotter devices.

18. Graphics software Special-purpose programs
Photoshop
Powerpoint
AutoCAD
StudioMax
Maya
Blender
PovRay
General graphics libraries and standards
Windows API
OpenGL
Direct3D
CG - Chapter-2