1. CARBOHYDRATES

2. Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Primary fuel source for body cells
Divided into two main classes:
Simple sugars
Complex sugars

3. MONOSACCHARIDES

4. GLUCOSE Also called hexose or dextrose
Principle building block of all other carbohydrates
Typically exists in the ring form

5. FRUCTOSE Also called levulose Isomer of glucose
Metabolized into glucose by the liver
Small amounts are converted into glycogen, lactic acid, or fat
Found in fruit, honey, and high fructose corn syrup

6. GALACTOSE Not usually found free in nature in large quantities
Isomer of glucose
Typically found as a subunit of lactose
Converted to glucose by the liver
Used as an immediate energy source or is stored as glycogen

7. Other Monosaccharides
Ribose
Five carbon sugar
Used in the formation of RNA
Very little present in our diet
Deoxyribose
Used in the formation of DNA
Not considered a nutrient of our diet since our bodies can make all that it ever needs.

8. DISACCHARIDES

9. MALTOSE Constructed by a condensation reaction
Composed of two glucose molecules
Possesses an alpha bond
Commonly produced by fermentation reactions called malting
Most maltose digested is the result of starch digestion

10. SUCROSE Constructed by a condensation reaction
Composed of one glucose and one fructose
Possesses an alpha bond
Commonly called table sugar and is found in plants such as sugar cane and maple syrup
Purified to form brown, white, and powdered sugars

11. LACTOSE Constructed by a condensation reaction
Composed of one glucose and one galactose
Possesses a beta bond
Beta bonds are difficult to digest
Primary sugar in milk and milk products

12. OLIGOSACCHARIDES 3-10 monosaccharides: raffinose and stachyose
Found in beans and legumes
Not digested by the body
Metabolized by bacteria in the large intestine
Raffinose=galactose+glucose+fruc tose
Stachyose=galactose+galactose+
glucose+fructose

13. POLYSACCHARIDES Digestible polysaccharides:
Starch
Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Non-digestible polysaccharides: fibers
Soluble fiber
Insoluble fiber

14. STARCHES 3000 monosaccharides Contain alpha bonds
Amylose is straight chain
Amylopectin is branched chain
High Glycemic Index

15. GLYCOGEN Storage form of glucose in animals and humans
Structure is similar to amylopectin but with more complex branching
Numerous alpha bonds
Found in liver (400 kcal) and muscles (1400 kcal)

16. Fiber Dietary fiber= fibers found naturally in foods
Functional fibers= fiber added to foods that has shown to provide health benefits
Total fiber= dietary fiber + functional fiber

17. Chemical Composition of Fibers
Contain beta bonds
Insoluble: not fermented
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin*
Soluble: kcal/g
Gum
Pectin
Mucilage

18. Fibers