MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE FOR THE ARIZONA DESERT:

MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE FOR THE ARIZONA DESERT:
The Development of Large Surface Water-Spreading Facilities Mario R. Lluria,* and Gary G. Small* HydroSystems, Inc.* Phoenix, Arizona 1

MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE (M.A.r.) DEVELOPMENT IN ARIZONA
A Historical Overview MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE (M.A.r.) DEVELOPMENT IN ARIZONA 2

Presentation Contents
M.A.R. Development Main Reasons for its Progress Development Phases Regulatory Framework Water-Spreading vs Well Recharge Institutional Involvement Water-Spreading Facilities The Future of Water Spreading M.A.R. Development in Arizona Main Reasons For Its Progress Development Phases: Technical Regulatory Framework and Progress Water-Spreading vs. A.S.R. Institutional Involvement Water-Spreading Facilities: Case Histories The Future of Water Spreading in Arizona 3

M.A.R in Arizona: Main Reasons For Its Progress
Intensive Aquifer Use 1980 Groundwater Management Act Central Arizona Project (CAP) Aqueduct Excess CAP Water Storage Issue Water Reclamation and Storage Insufficient Direct Use Aquifer intensive use in the Large Metropolitan Areas Phoenix Groundwater up to 40% of potable water supply before the 1980’s Tucson Groundwater 100% of potable water supply before the 1980’s The 1980 Groundwater Management Act The Completion of the Central Arizona Project (CAP) Aqueduct A New Water Source Available No Conveniently Located Surface Water Storage Facilities for the Excess CAP Water Water Reclamation and Storage Insufficient Direct Use 4

M.A.R in Arizona: Development Phases
Phase I Experimental Studies Phase II Demonstration Projects Phase III Large Storage Capacity Water-Spreading Facilities Phase IV Intermediate to Small Storage Capacity Facilities 2010-… Experimental Studies Demonstration Projects Large Storage Capacity Water-Spreading Facilities for CAP Water and Intermediate Capacity Facilities for Reclaimed Water Intermediate to Small Storage Capacity Facilities Predominantly for Reclaimed Water 2010-… 5

Phase I Experimental Studies ( ) This phase consisted mostly of tests by Universities and research centers Phase I: Experimental Studies This phase consisted mostly of tests by Universities and research centers Examples: Flushing Meadow Project Off-channel basins in the Salt River; treated effluent; SAT (Dr. Herman Bouwer, USDA/USWCL) Basin Recharge in McMicken Dam, Phoenix Well recharge using cooling tower effluent in Tucson (Dr. L.G. Wilson and other at University of Arizona WRRC) 1960’s Off-channel basins in the Salt River Treated effluent SAT Dr. Herman Bouwer, USDA / USWCL ( ) Flushing Meadow Project Phoenix, AZ Well recharge using cooling tower effluent in Tucson Dr. L.G. Wilson and others at University of Arizona WRRC (1960’s) Basin Recharge in McMicken Dam* Phoenix, AZ *Photo: Flood Control District of Maricopa County 6

Phase II Demonstration Projects ( ) Phase II: Demonstration Projects Sweetwater Project (Tucson) Reclaimed water from adjacent WWTP recharge into four 0.75 acre basins Granite Reef underground Storage Project (GRUSP) in Sal River Channel, Phoenix Studies and designing completed; went directly to full scale phase; CAP water only Water Campus Project, Scottsdale Vadose Zone Recharge Wells; reclaimed water Cave Creek Recharge Project, Phoenix First ASR well in Arizona Reclaimed water Four 0.75 acre (.3 hectares) basins Sweetwater Project* Tucson, AZ Studies and design completed Full scale CAP water Granite Reef Underground Storage Project Phoenix, AZ Vadose zone recharge wells Reclaimed water Water Campus Project Scottsdale, AZ First ASR well in Arizona Cave Creek Recharge Project Phoenix, AZ *Photo: ADWR Website 7

Phase III Large Storage Capacity Water-Spreading Facilities ( ) 1994 commenced operation Permitted for 200,000 ac-ft/yr (246,600,000 m3/yr) Granite Reef Underground Storage Project Phoenix, AZ Capacity exceeding 50,000 ac-ft/yr (61,650,000 m3/yr) 9 Large Water-Spreading Facilities Completed to Phoenix and Tucson CAP Aqueduct* Phase III: Large Storage Capacity Water-Spreading Facilities CAP Aqueduct Completed to Phoenix and Tucson Granite Reef underground Storage Project (GRUSP) Commenced operation in 1994; permitted for 200,000 acre-feet/year From and additional 9 large water-spreading facilities with a capacity exceeding 50,000 acre-feet/year have been completed *Photo: CAP Website 8

Phase IV Intermediate to Small Storage Capacity Facilities (2010-…) Water-Spreading by river channel Hassayampa Recharge Facility Near Prescott, AZ ASR Wells Fountains Sanitary District Fountain Hills, AZ Vadose Zone Recharge Wells City of Surprise SPA-1 Surprise, AZ Phase IV: Intermediate to Small Capacity Facilities 2010-… The principal water source reaming for new projects is reclaimed Most recharge will be by vadose zone wells or water-spreading in river channel (managed facilities). Some by ASR. 9

M.A.R. in Arizona: Regulatory Framework
Federal State County / Municipality Agencies Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Protection Agency Arizona Department of Water Resources Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Flood Control District Permits 404 401 Underground Storage Facility Water Storage Aquifer Protection Permit Floodplain and Flood Use Permit Laws Clean Water Act 1980 Groundwater Management Act Recharge and Underground Storage and Recovery Act 1986 Environmental Quality Act 1986 Local Ordinance Regulatory Framework Progress Agencies / Permits / Law Federal U.S.C.O.E. / 404 / C.W.A U.S.E.P.A. / 401 / C.W.A. State A.D.W.R. – 1980 Groundwater Management Act A.D.W.R. / U.S.F.P. / Recharge and Underground Storage and Recovery Act 1986 A.D.W.R. / W.R.P. / Recharge and Underground Storage and Recovery Act 1986 A.D.E.Q. / A.P.P. / Environmental Quality Act 1986 County / Municipality F.C.D. / F.P.U.P. / Local Ordinance 10

M.A.R in Arizona: Water-Spreading vs Well Recharge
ASR Well Vadose Zone Well Capacity 5,000 – 150,000 ac-ft/yr (6,165,000 – 184,950,000 m3/yr) < 5,000 ac-ft/d (<6,165,000 m3/d) 1,000 – 15,000 ac-ft/yr (1,233,000 – 18,495,000 m3/yr) Water Source CAP, RW, S&V, Mixed RW, CAP RW Unit Cost ($/ac-ft) Very low High Intermediate Number of Facilities 38 9 19 11

M.A.R. in Arizona: Institutional Involvement
Central Arizona Water Conservation District (CAWCD) Colorado River Water Purveyor Arizona Water Banking Authority (AWBA) Better Utilization of Arizona: Colorado River Entitlement Groundwater Replenishment Districts Salt River Project (SRP) Salt and Verde Rivers Water Purveyor Municipalities Irrigation Districts Water Companies 12

Water-Spreading Facilities
Water Sources Available for Aquifer Storage Colorado River Water (CAP) Salt and Verde River Water (SRP) Reclaimed Water (treated municipal effluent) (RW) Treated Industrial Effluent (IRW) 13

Granite Reef Underground Storage Project GRUSP New River Agua Fria Underground Storage Project NAUSP MBT Ranch Recharge Project Lower Santa Cruz River Managed Recharge Project LSCRMRP Hassayampa Recharge Facility 14

The Salt River Project Roosevelt Dam Arizona Canal 15

Water-Spreading Facilities: GRUSP
Site Geology Scale in Mile 2 1 Lower Alluvial Unit-Pleisto cene Red Unit – Fanglormerates Miocine Tovrea Granite-precambria Upper Alluvial Unit-Quaternary Yg TM LAU UAU GRUSP Salt River Granite Reef Dam Verde River Mount McDowell Detachment fault 300 ft Aquifer East West f 16

Development In-channel basins in the Salt River Recharge capacity 100,000 ac-ft/yr (123,300,000 m3/yr) Near SRP and CAP water infrastructure Started operation in 1994 Total cost $2.2M 17

Recharge System Operation South Canal BCW Headworks Basins Aquifer Storage 18

System Components Inflow Structures SRP South Canal Delivery Units Delivery Channel Recharge Units 7 basins: 225 acres (91 hectares) Monitoring System BCWs wells 19

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Site Selection Geology Hydrogeology Engineering infrastructure Environmental factors 22

Water-Spreading Facilities: GRUSP and NAUSP
Lower Salt River Valley Geology W E McDowell Mountains White Tank Mountains Agua Fria River Salt River Red Mountains NAUSP GRUSP BR BR BR UAU UAU MAU MAU LAU LAU DF West Salt River Valley Basin East Salt River Valley Basin 23

Water-Spreading Facilities: NAUSP
Arizona Canal X-Cut Grand South Canal Eastern Consolidated Tempe Western Cavecreek Carefree Queen Creek Apache Junction Mesa Gilbert Guadalupe Chandler Goodyear Avondale Tolleson Fountain Hills Scottsdale Paradise Valley Phoenix Peoria Glendale El Mirage Youngtown Surprise Litchfield Park Buckeye 24

Altitude of Water Table -200 1,200 1,240 1,220 1,180 -250 -300 85 10 89 84 60 1,160 85 10 89 84 60 1,140 -300 84 Goodyear Glendale Buckeye Avondale Sun City Phoenix El Mirage 89 River Glendale Buckeye Goodyear Avondale Sun City Phoenix El Mirage Avondale Buckeye Goodyear Glendale Sun City Phoenix El Mirage Gila Agua River Salt Fria New 1,120 Gila River Salt River Agua Fria New 60 River 1,100 850 750 1,080 825 800 775 725 750 LUKE AIR FORCE BASE 1,060 LUKE AIR FORCE BASE Fria LUKE AIR FORCE BASE 725 1,040 New 1,020 Recharge Site 1,000 750 -300 775 980 -250 800 825 -200 -150 850 875 960 10 940 -100 Agua 85 920 -50 900 Gila River Salt River Spring 1923 Spring Spring 1991 25

Started operation in 2006 Basins In-channel and off-channel Permit capacity 75,000 ac-ft/yr (92,475,000 m3/yr) Near SRP water infrastructure Total cost $13M 26

Recharge units 6 off-channel 1 in-channel basins Basin 2 Looking Southwest East Side

Delivery units Grand Canal Reclaimed water pipelines Monitoring units 12 wells

Water-Spreading Facilities: MBT Ranch Recharge Project
Type Water-Spreading/Basins ADWR Constructed Recharge Facility Location Maricopa County Ownership Vidler Water Company Source Water CAP Capacity 75,000 ac-ft/yr (92,475,000 m3/yr)

Water-Spreading Facilities: LSCRMRP
Type Water-Spreading ADWR Managed Recharge Facility Location Santa Cruz River Channel, Tucson Operator Pima County – City of Tucson Source Water Reclaimed Water Roger Road and Ina Road WWTPs Capacity 45,000 ac-ft/yr (55,485,000 m3/yr)

Water-Spreading Facilities: Hassayampa Recharge Project
Type Water-Spreading ADWR Managed Recharge Facility Location Hassayampa River, Maricopa County Ownership Summit Global Operator HydroSystems, Inc. Source Water CAP Capacity 25,000 ac-ft/yr (30,825,000 m3/yr)

The Future of Water Spreading in Arizona
Availability of unused CAP water decreases More CAP water may become available as agriculture decreases California and Nevada could continue to recharge Colorado River Water in Arizona? More reclaimed water is available for aquifer storage New recharge projects will store predominantly reclaimed water Medium to small projects (<5,000 ac-ft/yr) (< 6,165,000 m3/yr) 32

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