1. Back Safety I. Background Information:
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) does not have any specific requirements for back safety training or back injury prevention programs. However, back injury has important workers’ compensation cost considerations.
If back injuries are a concern at your company, consider developing a back injury prevention program. This program should describe many of the aspects included in this training session, such as injury prevention techniques, available lifting equipment, proper lifting techniques, and lifting hazards specific to your workplace.
II. Speaker’s Notes:
Everything you do both at work and at home impacts your back. Most back injuries can be prevented if you always think defensively about your back. This training session will discuss how your back can be injured and what you can do to prevent that injury.

2. Back Activities Reaching, bending over, sitting
Skiing, hiking, bike riding
Playing with your children and grandchildren
Working and feeling productive
I. Speaker’s Notes:
When people injure their backs, not only does it impact their work, it impacts every facet of their lives. A back injury can prevent you from doing many of the things you love to do and can even make daily movements near impossible.
Reaching into your kitchen cupboards, bending over to tie your shoes, sitting or getting into and out of your car or truck. A back injury might cause you pain when attempting to conduct these common tasks.
Outdoor activities and sports may no longer be allowed because of pain or the chance of further injury.
Tossing your children and grandchildren into the air or swinging them around is definitely out of the question. Wrestling, giving piggyback rides, or even tossing a ball may be too painful.
Working and feeling productive is important to many people. Your sense of self-worth is affected if you have a back injury that prevents you from contributing.

3. Back Safety Goals Back injury and injury prevention Lifting techniques
Quiz
I. Speaker’s Notes:
We will start by discussing how a back injury might occur and what you can do to prevent it.
Next, we will discuss proper lifting and carrying techniques.
Finally, we will have a quiz.

4. Back Statistics
80% of Americans will have a back injury that requires medical attention
Back injuries are the second most common cause of lost work time, next to the common cold
Back injuries occur more often at home than they do at work
Injured backs are often subject to reinjury
In addition to missed work, there may be a lifetime of pain
I. Background Information:
It is very important for your employees—especially the younger ones, because they often feel somewhat invincible —to understand how a back injury can impact the rest of their lives.
II. Speaker’s Notes:
Look at some of these statistics. It is amazing how many people suffer from back pain and how much work is missed due to back injuries.
Four out of five people in this classroom will have a back injury that requires medical attention. Which of you will be the ones that are pain free?
Why do more back injuries occur at home? Possibly because the workplace has material handling equipment such as cranes or hand trucks, while most homes don’t have this equipment, so people try to lift more than they should.
Backs are sensitive and once injured usually require a considerable amount of attention to remain pain free.
Even worse than missing work, which means missing money and the feeling of productivity, is living with constant pain.

5. Back Parts Vertebrae Spinal cord Disks Muscles, ligaments, tendons
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Before we can discuss injury prevention, we need to understand the parts of the back and how they can be injured.
Our backbone is made up of 33 bones called vertebrae that extend from our hip bone to the base of our skull. The vertebrae protect the fragile and vital spinal cord.
Between the vertebrae are gel-filled pads called disks. The disks separate and cushion the vertebrae and also help allow the flexibility of the back.
Your back is also filled with numerous muscles, ligaments, and tendons that not only allow your back to bend, turn, and twist, but also keep your back properly aligned.

6. Potential Back Injury Strain or sprain Bulging disk Herniated disk
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Let’s discuss how the parts of the back can be injured.
Any one of these injuries will cause pain and may limit or even restrict your ability to move. Unfortunately, if you do suffer a back injury, you will probably become much more familiar with some of these terms than you would like.
A strain is what most “weekend warriors” experience because they push their unconditioned backs too hard by overusing or overstretching their back muscles.
A sprain is diagnosed when a sudden movement causes a ligament to tear. This is usually the result of years of abuse, until the ligament is so fragile that a small movement might cause it to finally tear.
A bulging disk is when the disk begins to come out between the two vertebrae it is supposed to cushion and separate. This can result in painful pressure on the spinal cord or nearby organs. Often, the back muscles will try to compensate for the injury and cause additional pain when they become strained.
A herniated disk is diagnosed when the disk is actually leaking its gel-like fluid. The disk may lose its ability to cushion and will result in pressure on the vertebrae, spinal cord, and possibly nearby organs.

7. Causes of Injury Years of abuse Poor posture Unconditioned back
Excess weight and potbellies
Bad lifting techniques
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Back injuries are typically a combination of the causes listed on this slide that weaken the back over years until one day something snaps.
Poor posture can result in back pain. How often have you woken up with a sore back because you “slept funny”? Sitting or standing for long periods of time can result in back pain.
Having an unconditioned back will often result in back pain. This usually occurs when someone who normally doesn’t use his or her back becomes a “weekend warrior” and takes on a home project that requires a lot of lifting or stress on the back. This person will suffer pain because the unconditioned back is not used to the strain.
Having a potbelly puts constant stress on the back that will gradually weaken the back and result in pain or injury.
Bad lifting techniques, such as bending over or twisting, can result in sudden back pain.

8. Back Posture Maintain the back’s natural curves Standing Sitting
Sleeping
Changing posture and stretching
Adaptive posture
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Our backs have a natural “S” curve that we want to try to maintain at all times.
Standing straight with your shoulders back, your head up, and your feet shoulder width apart will help prevent back pain. Make a conscious effort not to slouch your shoulders or hang your head down. When required to stand for long periods of time, putting a foot up on a bar, rail, ledge, or a step stool will help the back maintain its natural curves and be more comfortable.
Sitting properly is also very important. How often have you felt sore after sitting for long periods of time? Do not slouch forward or lean to the side. Sit up straight against the chair’s backrest, with your shoulders back, and your head up. Your thighs should be parallel to the floor, and your feet should be flat. For some people, placing their feet flat on a slanted footrest is beneficial. When required to type for long periods of time, make sure your keyboard and chair are at the right height to allow you to keep your shoulders back and your elbows bent so that your forearms are parallel to the ground.
Sleeping properly is also important. Sleeping on your side is the best way to maintain the back’s natural curves. Sleeping on your back or stomach may put unnecessary stress or pressure on your back.
Changing your posture frequently, getting up to stretch, etc., will dramatically help prevent back pain.
If you do experience back pain, you may tend to slouch or bend to the side to help reduce the pain and be more comfortable. This is bad posture. Don’t adopt bad posture, and potentially cause further injury, because your back hurts.

9. Conditioning Your Back
Physical conditioning
Flexibility
Excess weight and potbellies
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Physical conditioning refers not only to your back muscles but also to your stomach and buttocks muscles. Maintaining a mild regimen of exercise will go a long way toward keeping your back strong, maintaining your flexibility, and preventing strain and sprain injuries.
Flexibility is also important. A healthy back allows you to bend, turn, and twist. Make sure your back exercise program also emphasizes limberness.
Excess weight, particularly potbellies, can greatly contribute to poor back posture and back pain. Weight adds stress to the components of the back. An exercise program to reduce or maintain your weight will also help prevent back pain.

10. Exercises Walking Stretching Sit-ups Leg lifts Squats
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Consult your doctor before beginning any exercise program. Your doctor may suggest other types of exercise for keeping your back and stomach muscles in shape. Follow your doctor’s directions.
The exercises mentioned here are used to help prevent back injuries by improving your conditioning and flexibility while helping you reduce or maintain your weight.
If you have a back injury already, some of the exercises might be inappropriate because they could cause further injury, depending on your situation. Again, consult your doctor or physical therapist (if appropriate).
Walking 30 minutes a day will help strengthen muscles and maintain weight.
A daily regimen of stretching exercises will help improve flexibility and keep your back conditioned. Stretches might include bending backwards or sideways, rotating your hips, or even twisting from side to side.
Sit-ups will help strengthen your stomach muscles, which provide a great deal of support for your back.
Leg lifts, both when standing or when lying on the ground, will strengthen your buttocks muscles.
Squats not only strengthen your back, stomach, and buttocks, they also help you practice proper lifting techniques.

11. Lifting Equipment
Powered equipment such as forklifts, powered carts, and electric pallet jacks
Hand trucks, carts, pallet jacks
Cranes and hoists
Conveyors
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Another great way to prevent back injuries is to avoid manually lifting and carrying objects. Use lifting equipment instead.
Powered equipment is used by many companies. Remember, do not operate any type of powered equipment (particularly forklifts) unless you’re trained and authorized.
When using manual equipment such as hand trucks, carts, pallet jacks, etc., make sure you choose the right equipment for the job. Push the equipment rather than pull it, because your back is stronger when pushing than it is when pulling.
Cranes and hoists are very useful material handling tools. Make sure you are trained before using this equipment. You also need to ensure that the lifting devices (rope, chain, straps, etc.) are rated for the weight of the load you intend to lift.
Conveyors are very useful for moving material. Do not ride on a conveyor or climb over or under it.

12. Lifting Plan
Plan ahead before lifting. Knowing what you're doing and where you're going will prevent you from making awkward movements while holding something heavy. Clear a path, and if lifting something with another person, make sure both of you agree on the plan.
When Bending The Knees Is Difficult.
For individuals who cannot fully bend the knees in order to pick up objects some bending of the spine may be necessary. In these cases, be sure the object being lifting is not heavy and most importantly, be sure to keep the object as close to the body as possible. The farther the object is away from the body the greater the stress on the spine.
I. Speaker’s Notes:
A lifting plan does not need to be a formal written process. It just means thinking about the lift before actually picking up the item and carrying it.
Evaluate the load. How much does it weigh? Pick up a corner. Can it be lifted and carried by one person?
What about the shape and size of the item—is it bulky? Even a light object can be difficult to lift if it is bulky or oddly shaped. Sometimes you may not be able to get a good grip on the object. Maybe you can’t see around or over the object when you pick it up. These are times that you should consider getting help.
Plan your route of travel and make sure it is clear. Are there steps or stairs along the path? Remove any debris or objects that might be in the way. Do you have to maneuver through any tight doorways, down hallways, or around difficult corners? Have you measured these tight spots to make sure your load will squeeze through them?
Make sure you have a clear, accessible place to unload the object.

13. Proper Lift
Know where you are going to lift a load. Pre-plan your lift.
Get a firm footing: Keep your feet apart (shoulder width) for a stable base and good balance; point toes out.
Bend at your knees and hips: Don't bend at the waist. Keep the principles of leverage in mind. Don't do more work than you have to. Maintain your three natural back curves.
Tighten stomach muscles: Abdominal muscles support your spine when you lift, off setting the force of the load and protect your back. Train muscle groups to work together.
Lift with your legs: Let your powerful leg muscles do the work of lifting, not your weaker back muscles. Maintain you three natural curves.
Lift smoothly; don't jerk as you lift. Suddenly movement and weight shifts can injure your back.
Keep load close:Don't hold the load away from your body. The closer it is to our spine, the less force it exerts on your back.
Keep your back upright: Whether you are lifting or putting down the load, don't add the weight of your body to the load. Your nose and your toes should be facing up when lifting.
Turn with your feet: Avoid twisting; it can cause injury.
I. Background Information:
Have the class stand up and all do this with you. They may think it’s silly, but it’s good exercise, and it will help keep them awake.
II. Speaker’s Notes:
Stand close to the object with a wide stance. Have feet shoulder width apart and toes naturally pointed outward.
Squat next to the object by bending at your knees and hips. Maintain your back’s natural curve.
Pull the load close to you, and grasp it firmly.
Tighten your stomach, it will act as a back support. Lifting your head will help you lift with your legs rather than with your back.
Stand up using your legs. Keep your back straight. Raising your chin while lifting will help your back maintain its natural curves.

14. Carrying the Load Make sure you can see Take small, stable steps
Do not twist your back
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Make sure you can see forward over your load. Trying to save time by carrying the one extra box is not worth getting injured.
Take small steps, and make sure you have good footing before taking the next step. Be especially careful when transcending stairs, ramps, or areas with uneven flooring.
Twisting your back while carrying a load can have severe consequences. Always move your feet when turning instead of twisting your back.

15. Proper Unloading Squat down with the load
Do not bend your back over the load
Be careful of fingers
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Putting down a load is just the opposite of picking it up. You still need to maintain good posture and lift with your legs.
Bend your knees to lower yourself and the load toward the ground.
Keep your back straight, do not bend it over the load.
Keep your fingers away from the bottom or the sides where they might be pinched between the load and the floor or another object.

16. Overhead Loads Shoulders level with the load Slide the load close
Use your legs
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Do not reach up to pick up a load off a shelf that is over your head. Use a step stool or ladder to climb up so your shoulders are level with the load. Do not stand on a chair, boxes, etc. This could cause you to fall.
Pull the load close to your body and grip it firmly.
While maintaining good posture, use your legs to carefully step down from the ladder or step stool. If necessary, use a spotter to help you maintain your balance.

17. Long Loads Pick up one end Place the balance point on your shoulder
Watch the ends
I. Speaker’s Notes:
When moving long loads such as a pipe or lumber, pick up one end of the load to make sure you can safely pick it up by yourself. Walk yourself down the load until you have reached the center or balance point of the object.
Place the balance point on one shoulder, and stabilize it with both hands.
Watch the ends of the load to make sure they do not strike any people or objects. Consider raising the end in front of you so it is higher than a person’s head. This in turn will lower the end behind you so it is near the ground. This will keep the long object from striking someone in the head or other sensitive area.

18. Lifting Bags Squat down next to the bag Grab it at opposite corners
Lift it up to your thigh or waist
Stand up
Put the load on your shoulder
I. Background Information:
If it’s necessary in your company to lift bags on occasion, have someone in the class demonstrate the proper technique.
II. Speaker’s Notes:
Bend your knees to squat down next to the bag.
Grab the bag at its opposite corners.
Use your arms to pull it up to your thigh or waist. Stabilize yourself and the load. Get a better grip.
Use your legs to stand up.
Hoist the load onto your shoulder for carrying it.

19. Team Lifting Designate a person to lead the lift Lift at the same time
Keep the load level
Slowly unload together
I. Background Information:
Have members of the group practice by moving an object, such as a table in the class.
II. Speaker’s Notes:
The lift leader should direct all phases of the lift. No one should act until the lift leader says to. Following the lift leader will help prevent someone from being injured when another person on the lift team does something unexpected.
Slowly lift at the same time.
Keep the load level. This is also important when going up or down stairs. The person at the lower end of the stairs will take on more of the weight of the load unless he or she lifts up at that end so that the load remains level.
Slowly unload at the same time. Make sure everyone is communicating with the lift leader.

20. Think About Your Back Don’t be lazy Think long term
Don’t try to lift too much
Consider your back in all things that you do
I. Speaker’s Notes:
Most of you have probably heard a lot of this before. Lifting techniques are pretty much common sense today. Then why do so few people use the proper techniques? Is it laziness or fatigue? “My legs are too tired to squat down, so I’ll just bend over to pick this up.”
Think about your back over the long term. Bending over to pick up that wrench probably won’t cause your back to break, but it does wear it down, until one day, bending over will result in an injury.
Don’t lift too much. If a load is too heavy for you (50 pounds is a good limit for most people), ask for help. Remember, you’re not in the gym lifting weights on ergonomic machines and bars. You’re lifting a bulky object that may be difficult to grip.
Always consider your back. Is my posture OK? Is my back conditioned for this pickup game of basketball? Am I overdoing it by helping my friend move? Do I use proper lifting techniques when lifting my infant or toddler?

21. Summary Maintain back posture and conditioning
Use available lifting equipment
Have a lifting plan
Use your legs
Always think about your back
I. Speaker’s Notes:
In summary, remember to treat your back with respect at all times. One wrong move could cause you a lifetime of pain.

22. Quiz 1. More back injuries occur at work than at home. True or False
2. Poor __________ can cause back pain by disrupting the back’s natural curve.
3. Name two things to check before attempting to lift a load: _________________ and _________________.
4. Lifting with your legs is necessary only when attempting to lift heavy loads. True or False
5. Describe two of the more common back injuries: ___________________ and ___________________.
I. Background Information:
Remind employees that the quiz is to encourage further discussion and to help you, the trainer, be sure that everyone understands what was discussed.

23. Quiz (cont.)
6. A “weekend warrior” might incur a back injury because his or her back is not __________________.
7. When conducting a team lift, the first thing you should do is _______________________________.
8. Back injuries are usually the result of a single traumatic event. True or False
9. Name some of the material handling equipment that your company has available: __________________.
10. Is your back more suited for pushing or pulling a load? ___________________________________

24. Quiz Answers
1. False. More back injuries occur at home. That’s why we also need to consider our backs when away from work.
2. Poor posture disrupts the back’s natural curves.
3. Size up or evaluate the load, clear the pathway.
4. False. Lifting incorrectly even with light loads constitutes back abuse.
5. Strained muscle, sprained or torn ligament, bulging disk, herniated or ruptured disk.

25. Quiz Answers (cont.)
6. The “weekend warrior’s” back is usually not properly conditioned for strenuous work.
7. Designate a lift leader to help coordinate the lift to keep all participants safe.
8. False. Back injuries are usually the result of years of abuse.
9. Material handling equipment might include: cart, forklift, hand truck, pallet jack, conveyor, hoist.
10. The back has more strength pushing than it does when pulling.