1. Animal Orientation Strategies for Movement in Flows
Jason W. Chapman, Raymond H.G. Klaassen, V. Alistair Drake, Sabrina Fossette, Graeme C. Hays, Julian D. Metcalfe, Andrew M. Reynolds, Don R. Reynolds, Thomas Alerstam 
Current Biology 
Volume 21, Issue 20, Pages R861-R870 (October 2011)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Figure 1 Triangles of velocities representing the flight of a bird.
(A) The bird is heading northwards with a certain airspeed (vector h) while the wind (vector w: wind direction and speed) is blowing almost eastwards. The bird's resulting movement approximately to the northeast (vector t: track and ground speed) is the vectorial sum of h and w. The bird is said to be experiencing drift through an angle Φ (the drift angle). (B) If the bird's preferred direction is northwards, in order to achieve movement in this direction it will have to adopt a heading that is directed somewhat into the wind. It is then said to be compensating, through an angle θ (the compensation angle). In this example, as the flow is nearly lateral to the preferred direction, it provides almost no transport but nor is it unfavourable in the sense of being contrary. Note that the bird travels further, and gets further north, by tolerating drift (A) than by compensating for it (B).
Current Biology  , R861-R870DOI: ( /j.cub )
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3. Figure 2 Effect of animal speed and flow speed on movement track.
Top panel: The relationship between the direction of resultant movement track in relation to the flow direction (β), and the ratio of the individual animal's speed to the flow speed (a). The grey field shows possible angles of movement in relation to the flow direction and the thick line shows the maximum possible difference between track and flow direction (±β°, see insets for two examples). Bottom panel: Examples of species in the major taxonomic lineages discussed, showing typical values of the speed ratio (a). Typical wind speeds were assumed to be 2–16 m s−1 [14], and typical ocean currents were assumed to be 0.25–2.5 m s−1 [93]. Typical sustained flying or swimming speeds were assumed to be as follows: top row: ballooning spiders (0 m s−1 [23]); second row: aphid (0.5 m s−1 [94]), a noctuid moth (4 m s−1 [14]), and a bumblebee (7 m s−1 [68]); third row: a slow-moving flatfish (0.35 m s−1 [47]) and a fast-swimming tuna (3 m s−1 [95]); fourth row: a hatchling (0.3 m s−1 [96]) and adult (1.5 m s−1 [97]) pelagic turtle; bottom row: a nocturnal passerine migrant (10 m s−1 [98]) and a day-migrating duck (25 m s−1 [98]).
Current Biology  , R861-R870DOI: ( /j.cub )
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4. Figure 3 The eight possible orientation responses to flow.
Top panel: Triangles of velocities for the eight possible orientation responses (A–H) that a swimming or flying animal can take up with respect to the flow direction. Each diagram shows the flow vector (solid black line), the heading vector (solid coloured line, not present in A), the resultant track vector (dashed coloured line), and the preferred goal direction for those strategies which imply the animal has one (dotted grey line, C–G only). Bottom panel: Examples of the different orientation strategies that have been observed in the major animal groups discussed. Where arrows span several categories, this indicates that a continuum of responses may be found in a broadly similar group of animals. The three groupings here are: nocturnal, high-flying windborne migrant insects (A–C); low-flying diurnal insects within their flight boundary layer [87] (D–F); and typical nocturnal and diurnal bird migrants (D–G). The figure demonstrates that many of the major taxonomic groups display most of the strategies, but that we apparently know least about the orientation responses of fish.
Current Biology  , R861-R870DOI: ( /j.cub )
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions