1. Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 500-1500
Chapter 11

2. Section 1: Byzantium
Western Roman Empire crumbled in the 5th century due to invading Germanic tribes
Constantine moved the capital east to Byzantium-where he could respond to the dangers of the Germanic tribes as well as close in on the rich trade going through Byzantium
He renamed the city, Constantinople and made it his new capital
As the western Empire began to decline, the eastern part became independent-Byzantine Empire (modern day Istanbul)
Empire divided in 395 AD
Justinian succeeded his uncle as ruler of the Byzantine Empire

3. The emperor Justinian temporarily restored the fortunes of the Byzantine state
Justinian mounted a reconquest of parts of the empire lost to the Germanic tribes
The generals Belisarius and Narses took back northern Africa from the Vandals, Italy from the Ostrogoths, and a part of Spain from the Visigoths. The enormous expense of Justinian's ambitious military policy was passed on in taxes to the residents of the empire.
Byzantium
                
The Hagia Sophia

5. Byzantium Justinian held absolute power
Justinian is also credited with codifying the Roman legal system, and his code has provided the model for many European legal systems-Justinian Code
Code regulated whole areas of Byzantine life from marriage to inheritance
Lasted for 900 years
Justinian began a large public building project-repaired the fortifications of the city: 14 mile stone wall, deep moats, 3 walls-inner most 25 feet thick
Also built churches like the Hagia Sohpia
His wife, Empress Theodora aided him in his rule
Education was very important to the Byzantines, who sent their children to be educated at public schools or by tutors

6. Byzantium
Byzantium suffered from some setbacks: the plague (10,000 a day died at its height), attacks by Lombards, Avars, Slavs, Bulgars, Persians, and Russians
Constantinople was raided by Western European knights who pillaged the city in 1204 on their way to fight against the Turks in the Crusades
Constantinople fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks
Byzantium’s religion began to diverge from Roman Catholicism-developed into Eastern Orthodox Church
Schism: break over the use of icons between West and East
Byzantium sent missionaries to spread their religion-reached out to Slavs and developed the Cyrillic alphabet (includes Russian)

7. Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed or St
Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed or St. Basil's Cathedral) is a multi-tented church on the Red Square in Moscow.
The cathedral was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible and built between 1555 and 1561 in Moscow.

9. Section 2: Russia Slavs from the north began trade with Constantinople
Russian culture grew out of the blending of Greek Byzantine and Slavic ideas
3 rivers connected the early territory of Russia: Dnieper, Don, and Volga
The forests in this area where inhabited by Slavic farmers and traders
There were also bands of adventurers: Vikings
Vikings built forts and settled along the rivers
Legend says that the early Russians invited the Viking king to become their king: Rurik
862 Rurik found Novgorod
Kiev was founded about this time period to facilitate trade between Novogrod and Constantinople

11. Section 2: Russia
Merchandise they brought to Constantinople included timber, fur, wax, honey, and slaves (Slavs)
Kiev grew into a independent state ruled by its own prince
957 Princess Olga converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox)
Vladimir (grandson) converted entire country to Christianity in 989 –due to studies
Kiev and its surroundings were Russia 1st important unified territory
Vladimir expanded the state
1019 Yaroslav the Wise (son of Vlad.): led Kiev to even greater glory by expanded territory, alliances, and creating a legal code
Decline of Kiev began with the death of Yaroslav due to him dividing up his realm among his sons and his sons tore the state apart fighting for the choicest territories and this practice only continue-weakened state

12. Section 2: Russia
Mongol attacks began in 1200 AD led by Genghis Khan-the most feared warrior of that time
Mongols were savage killers
1240 attacked a demolished a weakened Kiev (Batu Khan)
Mongols ruled southern Russia for over 200 years where they set up tribute systems as well as Khanates (territories)
Russians were aloud to follow their own customs

13. Section 2: Russia
Russia became increasingly unified under Mongols and Moscow rose to prominence
Moscow-1100’s: their prince, Ivan I, was liked by the Mongols and for his services got to collect tribute in all Slavic lands conquered-known as Ivan Moneybags. He became the most powerful Russian prince
Moscow central seat of Russian power
Ivan III-married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor –called himself czar and claimed Russia the 3rd Rome
1480 broke with the Mongols and refused to pay tribute
Resulted in a stand off between the Russians and Mongol armies…but no one wanted to fight so they went home-bloodless standoff marked Russia’s liberation!

14. Section 3: Turks Turks began migrating into the Muslim Abbasid Empire
At first the Turks were slaves trained as soldiers and employed as bodyguards called mamelukes
The Abbasids were starting to lose territory and in 945 the Persian armies moved into Baghdad and put an end to the caliph’s political powers
After this event more Turks migrated
Sekjuks were a large group that had migrated in and had converted to Islam
1055 the captured Baghdad from the Persians
1071 marched against the Byzantines in the Battle of Manzikert and crushed them
Turks went on to occupy most of the Anatolia within 10

15. Section 3: Turks
Turks preference for Persian caused Arabic language to almost disappear
After Malik died no strong ruler followed and this caused the Seljuk empire to fall into kingdoms
At this point is when the West launched the Crusades
1st by Urban II-1095-recover Jerusalem
Under Saladin Muslims recovered Jerusalem
Popes called for more crusades, but they were weak
Mongols-Hulagu-took Baghdad. Killed caliph-scared way
Mongols lost power due to administration problems
Ottomans rose up
Turks were very nice to the conquered Persians and even placed them in important government offices like vizier-prime minister
Looked to Persians for both cultural and religious guidance
Seljuk rulers were called shahs
The most famous Seljuk sultan was Malik Shah
Malik beautified cities throughout his great empire