1. New Ways of
Thinking

2. The Essential Question
Today’s Standard
Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., the inventions and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison).
Trace the evolution of Work and labor…
Topic – Development of the “isms”
Explain the connection between the growth of capitalism, the labor and living conditions of the 19th century and the rise of socialism in all its forms.
The Essential Question

3. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

4. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

5. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

6. Jeremy Bentham

7. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

8. Marxist Communism Interesting Fact:
Capitalism would lead proletariat to become bitter and angry with Bourgeoisie
Proletariat would rise against the Bourgeoisie – revolution
The proletariat would win – forcing complete equality
In the end no government would be necessary
Interesting Fact:
Marx thought Utopianism was unrealistic!

9. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

10. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

11. Industrialization By 1850

12. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

13. The Politics of Industrialization
State ownership of some industries.
RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.
Tariffs  British Corn Laws.
National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.
Bank of England.
Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
New legislation to:
Establish limited liability.
Create rules for the formation of corporations.
Postal system.
Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

14. Bibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College.
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”