1. The Civil Rights Movement Begins
Chapter 29 Section 1
Part 1

2. Separate But Equal 1896 – Plessy vs. Ferguson
The Supreme Court ruled segregation to be constitutional
Established the separate-but-equal doctrine
Laws separating blacks were permitted as long as equal facilities were provided for them

3. Jim Crow Laws Laws segregating blacks and whites
Segregated buses, trains, schools, restaurants, swimming pools, parks, etc

4. Separate By Choice
Local communities were able to decide whether or not to pass segregation laws
Areas w/o segregation laws often had de-facto segregation
Segregation by custom and tradition

5. NAACP
1909 – National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP)
– Thurgood Marshall was the NAACP’s chief counsel and director of its Legal Defense and Education Fund

6. NAACP Victories 1935 – Norris vs. Alabama 1946 – Morgan vs. Virginia
Supreme Court ruled that Alabama’s exclusion of blacks from juries violated their right to equal protection under the law
1946 – Morgan vs. Virginia
Segregation on interstate buses was unconstitutional

7. Victories Continued 1950 – Sweatt vs. Painter
State law schools had to admit qualified black applicants even if parallel black law schools existed

8. Push for Desegregation
1942 – James Farmer and George Houser founded CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)
CORE b/g to use sit-ins
Sit-ins – a form of peaceful protest
Intended to shame managers into integrating public places
Used in theaters, restaurants, etc
They eventually b/g to work to register black voters

9. Brown vs. Board of Education
1954 – Supreme Court decides to combine similar cases and issue a general ruling on segregation in schools
Linda Brown – young black girl
Denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas b/c of her race
She was told to attend an all black school across town
Her parents and the NAACP sued the Topeka school board

10. Brown vs. BOE
May 17,1954 – the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in the case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Ruling  segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment
Chief Justice Earl Warren summed up the courts decision when he wrote…
“In the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

11. Brown vs. BOE
The Brown decision marked a dramatic reversal of ideas expressed in Plessy vs. Ferguson
The ruling only applied to public schools, but it threatened the entire society of segregation
The decision angered many white Southerners who b/c more determined to defend segregation

12. Southern Rebellion
Virginia Senator called for Southerners to adopt “massive resistance”
Go against the Court’s ruling in Brown vs. BOE and refuse to desegregate schools
1956 – a group of 101 members of Congress signed the Southern Manifesto
Southern Manifesto – denounced the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown vs. BOE as “a clear abuse of judicial power” and pledged to use “all lawful means” to reverse the decision
Had no legal standing, but encourage white Southerners to defy the Supreme Court