1. SOLUTIONS, ACID AND BASES

2. Solutions, Solubility & Concentration

3. substance being dissolved
Solution
mixture that has the same composition color, density and taste throughout- the best mixed mixture- A homogeneous mixture.
Solute
substance being dissolved
Solvent
substance doing dissolving
* Solutions can also be gaseous, like the air you breath, or even solid, like brass and sterling silver. A solution can be found in all three states of matter.

4. When forming a solution, there are three ways to speed up the rate of the dissolving process:
Stirring
brings more solvent in contract w/ solute
Increase Surface area
by breaking up a solid, for instance, by crushing it into a powder, allows more solvent to come in contract w/ solute
Increase temperature
increasing temperature speeds up particles causing them to bump each other, breaking apart and coming in contract w/ solvent

5. percent by volume of solute in solvent
Solubility
maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a temperature
Concentration
percent by volume of solute in solvent
concentrated – large amount of solute in solvent
Ex: Lemonade made with too much solute- super sweet
dilute – small amount of solute in solvent
Ex: Lemonade made with not enough solute- tastes like water

6. Types Of Solution Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated
contains all solute it can hold at given temperature
able to dissolve more solute at given temperature
contains more solute then a saturated one
solution is unstable

7. Acids, Bases and Salts

8. Acid
substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
Four properties of acids:
acids taste sour
acids are electrolytes (can conduct electricity in a solution)
acids are corrosive
acids react with indicators to produce a predictable color change

9. Base substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; also accepts H+ from acids
Five properties of bases:
in undissolved state, many bases are crystalline solid
in solution, bases feel slippery
bases have a bitter taste
strong bases are corrosive
bases react with indicators

10. organic compound that changes color in the presence of acid or base
Indicator
organic compound that changes color in the presence of acid or base
Ex. litmus paper
Neutralization
chemical reaction between an acid and a base in a water solution which results in formation of salt and water
 Salt
compound formed when negative ions of an acid combine with positive ions from a base

11. Strength of Acids and Bases

12. The strength of an acid or base depends on how many acid or base particles dissociate (change into) into ions in water.
Strong acid
ionizes almost completely in water
Weak acid
only partly ionizes in solution
Strong base
dissociates completely in solution
Weak base
does not completely dissociate

13. Dissociate= chemical change
Dissolve= physical change
* it is possible to have dilute solutions of strong acids and bases, as well as concentrated solutions of weak acids and bases.
Strength vs Concentration
The terms strong and weak refer to the ease which an acid or base dissociates in a solution.
The terms dilute and concentrated are used to indicate the amount of acid or base dissolved in solution

14. pH
measure of concentration of H+ ions in a solution or how acidic or basic it is pH scale typically ranges from 0 – 14
ACIDIC
BASIC
NEUTRAL
STRONG
WEAK