1. Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations How did international price movements affect domestic economies and food security during the world food crisis? David Dawe, FAO World Bank, 29 September 2011

2. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 2 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Rapid growth in emerging economies. Population continues to increase. Possible biofuels expansion. Increasingly scarce natural resources in some regions. Declining rates of yield growth for some commodities. Stronger linkages between agricultural and energy markets Increased frequency of weather shocks. High and volatile prices are likely to continue

3. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 3 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Household surveys seem to indicate that the poorest quintile are net food buyers in most countries, although there are exceptions. Benefits of high prices tend to accrue to farmers with ample land and water. More research should be done in estimating the magnitude of labor market effects. Higher food prices represent an opportunity to reduce poverty, but only if they induce investment that shifts out the supply curve. High food prices generally hurt the poor

4. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 4 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Staple food prices are analyzed because the basket used to calculate food price inflation is not representative of the expenditure patterns of the poor. All prices are adjusted for inflation. All analysis is done in local currency terms so as to understand trends from the domestic point of view Methods used

5. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 5 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Rice prices in the Philippines, Jan 2005 to Dec 2007 The choice of currency matters

6. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 6 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Only one dataset for any given country for each commodity. Level of the marketing system (retail chosen before wholesale). Quality (lowest quality was chosen). Location (National average whenever possible). There were 42, 27 and 34 datasets for rice, wheat and maize respectively. Data selection

7. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 7 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Domestic staple food prices, Jan 2007 to Dec 2010 The level of domestic prices increased substantially

8. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 8 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Domestic staple food price volatility Domestic price volatility increased as well

9. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 9 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Domestic and world rice prices, China, 2005-2008 Policies matter (1)

10. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 10 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Domestic and world soybean prices, China, 2005-2008 Policies matter (2)

11. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 11 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Domestic and world maize prices, Zambia, 2004-2006 Policies matter (3)

12. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 12 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Domestic & world rice prices, Jan 2007 to Dec 2010 Prices increased less in large countries (1)

13. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 13 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Domestic & world wheat prices, Jan 2007 to Dec 2010 Prices increased less in large countries (2)

14. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 14 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Domestic & world maize prices, Jan 2007 to Dec 2010 Prices increased less in large countries (3)

15. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 15 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Analyzed 32 commodity pairs in 11 African countries (one major cereal and one traditional staple in the same country) The price ratio of major cereal to traditional staple increased an average of 21% between 2006 and 2008. The average price ratio increased in all 11 countries. Over the period 2005-2010, domestic rice or wheat prices were always the least volatile. Major cereals & traditional staples (sorghum, millet, cassava)

16. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 16 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Percentage increase in real prices, 2003-2008 Farm prices generally increased as retail prices increased

17. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 17 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Producer and consumer white maize prices, Burkina Faso, 2003-2010 Farm prices generally increased as retail prices increased

18. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 18 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Item20072008Percent increase Seed48493693 Fertilizer32696691105 Labor3116476553 Other costs292829410 Yield (kg/hectare)61005792-5 Price (VND/kg)2350370057 Profit4538609734 VND is Vietnamese dong. Costs and profits are in thousand VND per hectare. Higher output prices generally more than compensated for higher input costs Input costs & profits for winter-spring paddy, An Giang, Viet Nam

19. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 19 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Increase in cereal production by country groups Country groupPercent increase, 2007- 2008 OECD6.2 BRICS8.2 All others7.2 Source of raw data: FAOStat (2011) Supply response was strong

20. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 20 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) Price transmission was far from complete, but it was rapid and substantial… … except in some countries that were not too dependent on imports and used trade policy to block transmission. Generally speaking, farm prices seemed to increase whenever retail prices increased, and supply response was strong as a result (even though input costs rose). The price increases were bad for food security and poverty in the short-term, but if they provide the spark to increased long-term investment in agriculture, they may turn out to be positive. Summary

21. Washington DC, 29 September 2011 21 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Development Economics Division Thank you for your kind attention