1. Unlocking The History of Medicine

2. Primitive Times
Believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies

3. Primitive Times Herbs and plants were used as medicine examples:
Foxglove plants leaves
were chewed to strengthen
& slow heart
– Now given by pills, IV, or injections (aka Digitalis)

4. Trepanation One of the first surgeries
A hole was cut into the skull to release demons
What are some of the possible complications of this treatment?
Average life span =
20 years

5. Egyptians First to keep accurate health records
Wrote prescriptions on papyrus
Physicians were priests
Average life span years
Temples were used as places of worship,
medical schools, & hospitals

6. Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)
Embalming led to increased understanding of anatomy and diseases
Was done by special priests, not doctor priests
Gauze used to wrap bodies is much like the surgical gauze used today
Strong antiseptics kept bodies from decaying

7. Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)
Leeches would be used for bloodletting (draining human blood)
Does not hurt because their saliva contains a natural anesthetic
Their saliva also contains a blood thinner, a vasodilator, and an agent that prevents bacteria from infecting the wound
FDA has recently approved use of leeches as a medical treatment.

8. Ancient Chinese (1700 BC–AD 220)
Religion prohibited dissection
Believed you had to treat both the body and spirit
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based on herbs
Therapies included acupuncture

9. Ancient Chinese (1700 BC–AD 220)
Used therapies such as acupuncture
Began to search for medical reasons for illness
Average life span was years

10. Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)
Made observations about the human body and the effects of disease that led to modern medical sciences
Believed illness is a result of natural causes

11. Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy and herbal treatments
Discovered that diet and cleanliness could prevent disease
Average life span was years

12. Romans (753 BC – AD 410)
They established the first public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Life pan years
Treated disease with diet, exercise, and medication

13. Romans (753 BC – AD 410)
Rooms in doctors houses where they cared for soldiers became the first hospitals
Believed body was regulated by 4 humors (body fluids) that had to stay balanced to prevent illness (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile)

14. Dark Ages (AD 400 – AD 800) Study of medicine was prohibited
Emphasis was on saving the soul
Monks and priests treated patients with prayer

15. Dark Ages (AD 400 – AD 800) Medications were mostly herbal mixtures
Life Span was years

16. Middle Ages (AD 800 –AD 1400)
Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria
Arab physicians used chemistry to advance pharmacology
Arabs begin requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses

17. Middle Ages(AD 800 –AD 1400)
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia
Life Span was years
Medical Universities were created
There was renewed interest in medical practices of the Greek and Romans

18. Renaissance (AD 1350–AD 1650)
Dissection of the body led to an increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
First anatomy book by Andreas Vesalius was published
Invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared.
Life Span was years.

19. 16th and 17th Centuries
Invention of the microscope in 1666 allowed doctors to see disease-causing organisms
Cause of disease still not known - many people died from infections
Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies

20. 16th and 17th Centuries
Ambroise Pare ( ), a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding.
Edward Jenner developed the first vaccination to prevent the spread of smallpox in 1796

21. 18th Century
Gabriel Fahrenheit ( ) created the first mercury thermometer
John Hunter ( ) established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding.
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
Average life span years.

22. 19th Century
Formal training for nurses led by Florence Nightingale began
Infection control methods were developed, once microorganisms were associated with disease.

23. 20th Century
Gained an increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body:
ABO blood groups discovered
Determined how white blood cells protect against disease

24. 20th Century New medicines were developed: Insulin to treat diabetes
Antibiotics to fight infections caused by bacteria
Vaccines to prevent people from getting diseases caused by viruses

25. 20th Century New machines were developed: Kidney dialysis machine
Heart lung machine
Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan

26. 20th Century
Surgical and diagnostic techniques were developed to cure once fatal conditions:
Organ transplants
Limbs reattached
Test tube babies
Amniocentesis
Implanted first artificial heart

27. 20th Century
Health care plans developed to help pay the cost of health care
Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena
HMO’s provided an alternative to private insurance
Hospice was organized

28. 21st Century
The threat of bioterrorism lead to smallpox vaccination of the military and first responders in 2002
The Netherlands became the first country in the world to legalize euthanasia in 2002
The Human Genome Project to identify all of the approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human
Health care plans developed to help pay the cost of health care
Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena
HMO’s provided an alternative to private insurance
Hospice was organized

29. 21st Century of health care
Stem cells were used in the treatments of disease early in the 2000’s and lead to increased research in the treatment of cancer and other diseases
President George W. Bush approved federal funding for research using only existing lines of embryonic stem cells in 2001
Advanced Cell Technology announced it cloned a human embryo in 2001 but the embryo did not survive
The U.S. FDA approved the use of the abortion pill RU-486 IN 200
of health care
Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena
HMO’s provided an alternative to private insurance
Hospice was organized

30. 21st Century
The standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, required under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) of 1996, went into effect in 2003
The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act was passed in 2003
Vaccinations for cervical cancer and herpes zoster (shingles) in 2006
Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena
HMO’s provided an alternative to private insurance
Hospice was organized

31. Potential for 21st Century
Cures for AIDS, cancer, & heart disease
Genetic manipulation to prevent inherited disease
Nerves in the brain and spinal cord are regenerated to prevent paralysis
Antibiotics are developed that do not allow pathogens to develop resistance
Average life span years

32. The End