1. New seating #3 Marx: discuss his main ideas
Door
Mr. Klein’s Desk
#3 Marx: discuss his main ideas
What does he see as the proper role of government, capital and labor?
What is the best way of improving life for everyone?
#4 Malthus: discuss his main ideas
What does he see as the proper role of government, capital and labor?
What is the best way of improving life for everyone?
#5 Mill discuss his main ideas
What does he see as the proper role of government, capital and labor?
What is the best way of improving life for everyone?

2. Democratic reform and activism
Unit Enduring Understandings
Changes in technology and exchange during the 18th and 19th centuries led to the social and economic changes around the world that are still relevant today.
5. Technology and industrial advancement can alter existing social and economic systems.
Democratic reform and activism
Agenda –
An Age of Reform - intro
In reformist thinker groups –discuss the main ideas of your person.
What does he see as the proper role of government, capital and labor?
What is the best way of improving life for everyone?
Form new groups with representatives of each reformist thinker –
how are they different?
Explain how each is a result of the industrial revolution.
What lessons from each apply to today?
Questions about p 11 and the 19th Century philosophers?
Complete p 13 to compare Industrial Revolution and Enlightenment
Complete Democratic Reform and Activism – p 16

3. An Age of Reforms
Main Idea: The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms.

4. Differing Philosophies Emerge
The Industrial Revolution changed the structure of society, opening up a gap between rich and poor
Poor often faced terrible and short lives
Middle class wanted more say in how society was governed (bought into Enlightenment equality idea)
New wealthy class of commoners wanted more say in how society was governed (their wealth was at stake)
New philosophies emerged regarding the role of the government in an industrialized society

5. Differing Philosophies
Laissez-faire thinkers (Adam Smith) support a free market and oppose government regulation
These ideas are the basis for capitalism
Other thinkers oppose laissez-faire policies and favor government efforts to improve people’s lives

6. Rise of Socialism
Reformers sought the establishment of a new economic system called socialism
In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Socialists believe the government should actively plan the economy and promote equality between all people

7. Karl Marx
German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism
Believed that history is controlled by economics and class struggle
The future would lead to communism

8. Communism
Capitalist society would eventually destroy itself, as the proletariat would revolt
Workers would bring about economic equality for all and a classless society would form with the absence of any government
Private property would cease to exist

9. Unionization and Reform
Workers organize unions to raise wages and improve conditions
Unions eventually become established and legal
Reform laws are passed in Britain and the United States to limit child labor and set work hours

10. Reform Free public education for all children
The abolition movement helps to end slavery by the end of the 1800s
Free public education for all children

11. The Economic philosophers
Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations
Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Government needs to stay out of economics
because:
Buyers will buy
Sellers will sell
Each will participate in economics out of their own self-interest
Harmony will results
Thomas Robert Malthus
Population grows too fast for food supply
Epidemics and war are good to control population
Most people will be poor, but too many people
and there will be too many poor.
There should be little charity, because the poor will
become dependent and further drive down wages, making the poor poorer

12. The Economic philosophers
David Ricardo
Another capitalist proponent
Free trade is good for all
Government intervention will hurt profits and
productivity
There will always be an underclass, and as
Population grows, so will wages be driven down,
making the poor, poorer.
John Stuart Mill
Leading thinker of Utilitarians
Wealth and inequality are bad and only gov’t laws can more equally distribute wealth can help the poor
Believed that cooperative agriculture and the rights of women should be promoted
Workers should be able to elect their management – called economic democracy

13. The Economic philosophers
Robert Owen
Factory owner who believed workers need help
Provided low-rent housing for workers
Provided school for workers’ children
Prohibited young children from working in his mills
Founded a utopian community in the US – failed after 3 years.
Fourier and Saint-Simon
First major utopian socialists – positivity outlook for society-focused personal goals and actions
Believed that the state should own all of the means of production so that all can benefit, not just the capitalists.
Free-markets exploit the workers for the benefit of the owners
Henri de Saint-Simon
Charles Fourier

14. The Economic philosophers
Marx and Engels – the first Communists
Capitalism is necessarily exploitive, making workers angry and poor.
Capitalism will destroy itself as workers become more and more angry, they will rise up and throw down the capitalists and spread the wealth to all
The end result will be utopian democratic communism where everyone will work for the benefit of everyone – “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.”

15. The Economic philosophers and the reformers
William Wilberforce
Slavery and the slave trade are evil and need to be abolished by law
Parliament abolishes the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in the entire empire in 1833
Jane Addams
Wanted to help poor and working women so set up Hull House, a settlement house that provided social welfare help to poor and working women, including food, shelter and child care
Horace Mann
First proponent of public education for all children

16. Monarchy
Stakeholders in the economy widen and deepen leading to changes in society and politics
Feudalism – King is the center and the aristocracy control the land – the primary means of production. Peasants can live and there are a few merchants

17. Monarchy
Stakeholders in the economy widen and deepen leading to changes in society and politics
Under mercantilism, the king’s power is still central, but the aristocracy begins to give way to the merchants – and the merchants then get more political power

18. Limited Democracy Limited Monarchy
Stakeholders in the economy widen and deepen leading to changes in society and politics
During industrialization, the king’s power weakens, the aristocracy give way to the merchants and industrialists, workers become key to industrial success, but have rather worse off lives– the merchants and industrialists get more political power

19. Growing Democracy
Stakeholders in the economy widen and deepen leading to changes in society and politics
After industrialization, the king’s power weakens, the merchants and industrialists have the political power and workers demand and get more political power.

20. Democratic Reform and Activism
Date
Event
consequences
1830
Revolution in France
UK parliamentary leaders, afraid of a potential revolt in UK like that in France are motivated to propose a suffrage reform bill
1832
UK Reform Bill
Lowered the property restrictions on voting so that the new bourgeosie could vote. It also modernized districts so that more representation in parliament could come from cities.
1837
Victoria becomes Queen
The spread of democracy weakens the monarchy
1838
Chartist Movement’s People’s Charter
Petition called for all men to have right to vote in yearly elections by secret ballot and the end the property requirement to become a Member of Parliament. Was rejected, but was a framework for future democratic reform
1884
Parliament extends vote to rural workers
Regular people wanted the vote so parliament would be responsive to their needs and so that the ills of industrialization could be addressed by law
1903
Emmeline Pankhurst forms Women’s Social & Political Union
This group’s goals were to get voting rights for women and to change the unfair laws that made women second-class citizens.

21. Self-Rule for British Colonies
Causes
Actions/ Events
Effects
A. Religious and cultural differences b/t mostly Catholic French and mainly English Protestants
B. Pressures from both groups for greater voice in government
1. Parliament creates Upper Canada and lower Canada in 1791
A. Each province got its own elected assembly with limited powers that temporarily eased tensions until later rebellions led to unification of Canada
A. Many Canadians felt Canada needed a central government to protect against territorial expansion by the US
2. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick join with the Province of Canada to form the Dominion of Canada in 1867
A. Established self-government for Canada within Canada.
B. Led to westward expansion and economic development
A. Conflicts b/t Maoris and European settlers over land led the settlers to plead for annexation so they could be protected by British government
3. British annex New Zealand in 1838
A. Maoris negotiated with British government to retain control of their lands in return for acceptance of British Rule
B. Settlers became more prosperous by producing wool and agricultural products for export

22. Self-Rule for British Colonies
Causes
Actions/ Events
Effects
A. Britain wanted to retain control of Ireland in face of Irish demands for Irish nationalism
4. British Government formally joins Ireland to Britain in the Act of Union of 1800
Setback for Irish nationalism
Irish reps in Parliament
Catholic Emancipation Act restored rights to Catholics
A. Pressure from English landowners in Ireland
5. During Great Famine, British Government forces Irish peasants to continue paying rent
Many Irish lost their land and fell hopelessly into debt
Mostly English landowners got rich from high price of food
Irish got even more resentful at British rule
Millions of Irish emigrated
A. Irish frustrations over delay in independence due to WWI B. British reluctance to offer home rule or independence due to fear for Protestants’ safety
6. Irish nationalists rebel in Dublin
Britain agreed to home rule for southern Ireland in 1914
Continued violence, bitterness and unrest resulting in division of Ireland in 1921