1. How do we get info into the brain?
Memory
How do we get info into the brain?
Learning Target: I can identify and describe the characteristics and stages of the information processing model.

2. Information Processing Model
Step 1: Encoding (Blue) Step 2: Storage (Green) Step 3: Retrieval (Red)
Atkinson and Shiffren’s Model
Outline

3. Information Processing Model
Attention
All the rest
External Stimuli
Sensory Registers
gone
Short Term Memory
Long Term
Memory
Retrieval
1. Encoding
3. Retrieval
2. Storage
Information Processing Model
We are here

4. Memory
The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned
Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model (IPM)
Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.)
Storage – Hard Drive
Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive

5. Write down the names of the seven dwarves
Write down the names of the seven dwarves. Write down everything that comes to you mind, even if you don’t think it is correct.

6. Recognition is easier than recall
Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby.

7. Information Processing Model (IPM)
The IPM works really well to describe effortful processing.
It falls apart a bit with things we automatically process.
Automatic skills (riding a bike)
Conditioned associations (bell to get you to go to your next class).
Parallel Processing – brain can work on both at the same time.

8. Sensory registers/Sensory memory
Sensory registers are the first stop for all sensory information
The sensory registers are very large, but information stays for only a very short time

9. Information Processing Model: Sensory, Short Term & Long Term
Atkinson-Shiffrin-
Information Processing Model:
Sensory, Short Term & Long Term
Sensory Memory: brief memory storage (2-3 seconds) immediately following initial reception of a stimulus.
Iconic Memory: visual
Echoic Memory: auditory
Which one do you think last longer in sensory memory stage?

10. Now let us test your visual registers
I will flash the next picture for just ¼ of a second.
DON’T BLINK
After the image flashes we’ll return to a white screen and you can tell me everything you saw.

12. Did you pay attention to everything?

13. Here is another image
DON’T BLINK

15. Did you pay attention to everything?

16. Selective Attention
You select only certain bits of information for further processing from your sensory registers.
We normally pay attention to only a SMALL portion of incoming information

17. Reticular Formation

18. Encoding
Definition – bringing sensory information form the outside world into your memory system.
visually encoded information is better than phonologically (auditorily) encoded information

19. Write down the number of “F’s” Appearing in the Statement Below.
Finished files are
the results of years
of scientific study
combined with the
experience of years.

20. How many did you count? 3, 4, 5, 6 ? (acoustic or visual encoding?)
Finished files are
the results of years
of scientific study
combined with the
experience of years.

22. Short-term Memory
Short-term memory holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment
BUT it is much more. It is also working memory!
It’s an active desktop where your brain processes info, makes sense of new inputs, and links it to LTM.

23. Capacity of Short-Term Memory
Research indicates that STM can hold 7+/- 2 bits of information
Larger amounts of information can be held by using the process of chunking

24. Let’s see how good your STM is!

25. Short Term Memory

26. Chunking Helps 423-19 267-198 390-675-2 573-291-43 721-354-456

27. Maintaining STM
Information can be held in STM by using rote rehearsal, also called maintenance rehearsal
Rote rehearsal involves repeating information over and over
This technique is not very effective in creating long term memories

28. The Processes of Memory
Storage
Storage: The process by which information is maintained over a period of time.
How much effort was put into encoding?

29. Short-Term Memory FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV
Maintenance rehearsal: shallow processing
20 seconds
“Rule of 7” (7 +/- 2)
Try to remember as many of the following letters as possible.
FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV
Chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember.
Social Security Numbers
Phone Numbers

31. Short-Term Memory
The Serial Position Effect: we are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list.
Primacy Effect – remember things at beginning of list
Recency Effect - Remember things at end of list

32. Group A:
Count in your head the number of vowels in each word from the list I am about to read.
Keep a running total of the vowels.
At the end, write down that number.

33. Group B:
You are about to hear a list of words. As each word is spoken, rate (in your mind, not on the paper) its value to a person stranded on a desert island on a scale of 1-5 with 5 being the most useful.

34. Long-term Memory
Everything that is learned is stored in long- term memory
Capacity of long-term memory
Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years
No known limits to capacity

35. Encoding in Long-term Memory
Most information is encoded in terms of meaning
Some information is stored verbatim
Some information is coded in terms of nonverbal images
Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

36. Types of Long Term Memory
Explicit memory (require thought)
Episodic Memory
Events from life
Semantic Memory
Facts you can recall
Implicit memory (require no conscious thought)
Procedural Memory
How to do something
Emotional Memory
Automatic emotional reactions
@#$!&

37. Types of Long Term Memory
Explicit memory
Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having
This information can be intentionally recalled
Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a specific time and place
Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time
Implicit memory
Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having
Cannot be intentionally retrieved

38. Retrieval
Bringing information from LTM back to STM

39. Instructions will appear on the next slide.
Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.

40. Informational Processing Model: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval
Acoustic Codes: listening, saying something out loud
Visual Codes: mental pictures, images
Semantic Codes: give meaning to the information