1. CHAPTER 10 PRICE part three: the marketing mix

2. an opening challenge You run a medium-sized business: a second- hand car dealership. A competitor, the showroom on the other side of town, reduces its prices. Should you do the same? What will happen if you dont? If you do?

3. agenda pricing objectives pricing methods – market-based – cost-based pricing strategies pricing tactics changing prices price elasticity of demand

4. the importance of pricing profits and revenues – maximise sales revenues rather than volumes market share – a low price can buy market share survival – but set prices too low and the firm will not survive image – price affects image

5. pricing objectives financial – make profit – maximise revenue – recover investment – survive marketing – build image pile it high, sell it cheap prestige – positioning – increase market share

6. pricing methods: market based customer value pricing psychological price barriers auctions going-rate pricing tenders cartels

7. customer value pricing a product is only worth what someone will pay for it customers place a value on the product companies set the price when customer estimation of value = desired price = a fair deal for both parties

8. psychological price barriers based on the customers budget for the purchase – e.g. customer is prepared to pay up to £35 for a return train ticket price is set just below – e.g. £34.50 requires accurate research

9. auctions traditionally sale rooms currently popular on the Internet – e.g. eBay bids of increasing value until all but one buyer drop out can maximise price

10. going rate pricing based on competitors prices advantages – can reduce price wars – can take advantage of others expertise disadvantages – assumes competitors have it right – assumes competitors have a similar cost base price leaders (makers) price followers (takers)

11. tenders numerous types – e.g. sealed bid lowest bid is awarded contract favoured by governments and other public sector organisations – for large orders and capital projects

12. cartels a group of competitors who collaborate to set prices – no real competition – e.g. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) prices tend to be higher considered an anti-competitive practice in many countries – including the EU

13. pricing methods: cost-based

14. cost based pricing cost plus pricing – mark-up pricing based on direct costs – full-cost pricing based on total costs – contribution pricing based on variable cost target profit pricing based on breakeven point

15. pricing strategies new products – market penetration – market skimming general – prestige – pre-emptive – product line – price discrimination

16. new product pricing strategies market skimming early cash recovery encourages new competitors raises ethical issues market penetration encourages product trial encourages retailers to build up stocks may provoke competitive retaliation delays cash recovery

17. ongoing pricing strategies prestige – premium price to match prestige image pre-emptive – low price to deter competition product line – different price points for a range of products price discrimination – same products but different prices for different market segments

18. pricing tactics psychological pricing – is £9.99 cheaper than £10? loss leaders – a bargain draws customers in promotional pricing and discounts – sales promotion predatory pricing (destroyer or extinction) – illegal in the UK – an unrealistically low price to drive competition out of the market

19. why change prices? a substantial change in business costs an imbalance between supply and demand a change in competitors marketing a changed economic situation – e.g. inflation new laws, new taxes or other government pressure a change in the firms own marketing strategy – e.g. as part of a repositioning exercise

20. price elasticity of demand a measure of price sensitivity if the price goes up but theres a relatively small fall in sales then demand for that product is price inelastic, i.e. changes in price do not affect the sales volume much so, if you wanted to increase revenue, would you put the price up? Or down?

21. price elasticity of demand a measure of price sensitivity if the price goes up and sales fall dramatically then demand for that product is price elastic, i.e. changes in price affect sales volume disproportionately so, if you wanted to increase revenue, would you put the price up? Or down?

22. impact of price elasticity on sales revenue if demand is price inelastic – a higher price will result in a relatively small fall in sales – the higher price should compensate – revenue should increase if demand is price elastic – a lower price will result in a relatively large rise in sales – the increased sales volume should compensate – revenue should increase

23. calculating price elasticity price elasticity = percentage change in quantity demanded percentage change in price if the answer >1, then demand is elastic if the answer <1, then demand is inelastic (if there is a minus sign, ignore it)

24. summary without a price, a product is a gift too high a price is unethical – and loses sales too low a price is generous – but loses profits prices can change over time – new strategy, new tactics – respond to changing market conditions price must fit within the marketing strategy – e.g. it is a key contributor to image