1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
STANDARD(S): 12.1 Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of American democracy.
CH 2-SEC 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
Identify the Framers of the Constitution and discuss how they organized the Philadelphia Convention.
Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
Summarize the convention’s major compromises and the effects of those decisions.
Describe the delegates’ reactions to the Constitution.

2. QUIZ!
First & Last Name
Fill in your
ID NUMBER!
CH-2-4

3. A BULLDOG ALWAYS
Commitment
Attitude
CARES
Respect
Encouragement
Safety

4. Key Terms
Framers: the individuals who attended the Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan: a plan offered at the Convention that called for a central government with three branches, with each state’s representation in a bicameral legislature based mainly on population
New Jersey Plan: a plan calling for a central government with a unicameral legislature and equal representation of all the states.

5. Key Terms, cont.
Connecticut Compromise: an agreement to divide Congress into two houses, one with representation based on state population and one with equal representation for all states
Three-Fifths Compromise: an agreement to count each slave as three fifths of a person when determining state population
Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise: an agreement forbidding Congress from taxing state exports or interfering with the slave trade for at least 20 years

6. Introduction
What compromises enabled the Framers to create the Constitution?

7. The Framers
The Constitutional Convention began on May 25, 1787, with 55 delegates.
These individuals, called the Framers, came from many backgrounds:
Many had fought in the Revolutionary War.
Eight had signed the Declaration of Independence.
34 had attended college at a time when it was a rare achievement.
Two would become President, one a Vice President, nineteen a U.S. Senator, and thirteen a member of the House of Representatives.

8. A New Government
The Framers elected George Washington as president of the convention and set up procedural rules.
Quorum - A majority of state delegations would need to be present to conduct business.
Each delegation would have one vote.
A majority vote would carry a proposal.
NOTE TO TEACHERS: The above image depicts George Washington, who was president of the Constitutional Convention.

9. A New Government, cont.
Then, on May 30th, the Framers made their biggest decision: to replace the Articles of Confederation rather than amend them.
James Madison (right) was a major figure in the movement to replace the Constitution.

10. A New Government, cont. Not At the Meeting John Adams Thomas Jefferson
diplomatic mission - Ambassador
Thomas Jefferson
diplomatic mission - Ambassador
Samuel Adams –
"Give me liberty, or give me death!"
“I smell a rat.”
Benjamin Franklin

12. The Virginia Plan
This plan called for a government with a legislative, executive, and judicial branch.
Congress would have two houses, with representation based on state population or the money given to the central government.

13. The Virginia Plan
Congress would have more power than it had under the Articles.
It would be able to force states to obey federal law.

14. The Virginia Plan
(The members of) Congress would elect a national executive and judiciary.
These two branches would form a council that could veto acts passed by Congress.

15. Guided Reading 1. three separate branches, bicameral legislature,
Plan or Compromise
Provisions
Type of States That Benefited
Virginia Plan
“Madison Plan”
1. three separate branches,
bicameral legislature,
representation based on population or wealth of State,
lower house popularly elected,
upper house chosen by States,
veto power over State laws,
Congress chooses executive and judiciary,
veto power of executive and judiciary over Congress
2. large States and wealthy States

16. QUIZ!
First & Last Name
Fill in your
ID NUMBER!
CH-2-4

17. The New Jersey Plan
This plan proposed a much different organization of the three branches.
Congress would have a single house with equal representation for each state.
This Congress would have more limited powers than under the Virginia Plan..

18. The New Jersey Plan
There would be an executive committee of several people, chosen by Congress.
At the request of a majority of state governors, Congress could remove members of this committee.

19. The New Jersey Plan
The executive committee would appoint a supreme tribunal to be the federal judiciary.

20. Guided Reading Guided Reading 3. unicameral legislature,
Plan or Compromise
Provisions
Type of States That Benefited
New Jersey Plan
“Patterson Plan”
3. unicameral legislature,
States equally represented,
limited power to tax and regulate trade,
more than one executive chosen by legislature,
State governors could remove executive,
judiciary appointed by executive
4. small States

21. Connecticut Compromise
Checkpoint: What was the Connecticut Compromise?
Small states feared that larger states would dominate them under the Virginia Plan.
The Connecticut Compromise, also called the Great Compromise, solved this dispute.
In the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to its population.
In the Senate, each state would have equal representation.
Checkpoint Answer: The combining of elements of the Virginia and New Jersey Plans to create a bicameral federal Congress in which state representation in the Senate would be equal while representation in the House of Representatives would be based upon state population.

22. Guided Reading Guided Reading 5. bicameral Congress with membership
Plan or Compromise
Provisions
Type of States That Benefited
Connecticut
Compromise
“The Great Compromise”
5. bicameral Congress
with membership
in House based on population
in Senate based on equal numbers for each State
6. all States

23. Additional Compromises
Southern states wanted to count slaves as part of the state population. Northern states did not.

24. 12,500,000 - Slaves taken from Africa
1,800, died on the middle passage
10,700, sold into slavery
10,300, sold to Latin America and the Caribbean
400, by 1807 total number imported to the United States
4,000,000 by 1865 in the USA

25. Additional Compromises
The Three-Fifths Compromise
counted each slave as three-fifths of a person when figuring representation in Congress.
Southern states got more representatives
Northern states benefited from the taxes the south paid.

26. Guided Reading Guided Reading
Plan or Compromise
Provisions
Type of States That Benefited
Three-Fifths
Compromise
“Refers to slaves”
7. In northern States both taxes and representation were based on population;
Southerners could add three-fifths of the enslaved toward representation,
but they also had to count them toward taxes owed to the National Government.
8. southern States for population count,
northern States for taxation

27. QUIZ!
First & Last Name
Fill in your
ID NUMBER!
CH-2-4

28. Additional Compromises, cont.
Southern states wanted to protect their agricultural exports and the slave trade from regulation by Congress.
Under the Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise,
Congress could not tax state exports
or interfere with the slave trade until 1807.
Southern states

29. The Issue of Slavery
Disputes over slavery during the Convention arose because slavery was far more common in the agricultural South than in the more industrial North.
However, slavery was legal in every states except Massachusetts.
What group had its interests ignored?

30. Guided Reading Guided Reading 9. Congress was forbidden to tax exports
Plan or Compromise
Provisions
Type of States That Benefited
Commerce and
Slave Trade
Compromise
9. Congress was forbidden
to tax exports
(export duties)
and
to pass laws against slave trade for at least 20 years.
10. southern States

31. 1807 –
ENDS SLAVE IMPORTATION TO THE U.S.A….. But it continued.

32. enslaved African Americans
Guided Reading
Guided Reading
11. Name a group whose interests seem to have been ignored, or even harmed, by the compromises that created the Constitution.
enslaved African Americans

33. A Bundle of Compromises
Checkpoint: Why was the Constitution called a “bundle of compromises”?
The Framers had to resolve disputes involving such issues as:
The exact structure of the new government
Regional differences among the states
The method of choosing the President
How to amend the Constitution
The limits on federal powers
The Constitution they approved on September 17, 1787, has thus been called a “bundle of compromises.”
Checkpoint Answer: Because the Framers had to make a number of compromises about many specific details of how the new government would function in order to gain enough votes to approve the document.

34. Guided Reading
Guided Reading
B. Reviewing Key Terms
On a separate sheet of paper, use the key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.
12. Framers
Sentences should indicate that Framers were delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, and authors of the Constitution.

35. “A Bundle of Compromises”
REVIEW
What compromises enabled the Framers to create the Constitution?
“A Bundle of Compromises”
The Connecticut Compromise
This compromise dealt with how to determine the representation of states in the national legislature.
The Three-Fifths Compromise
This compromise dealt with issues arising from slavery.
The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
This compromise addressed northern and southern disagreements about foreign trade.

36. Review
Now that you have learned what compromises enabled the Framers to create the Constitution, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question.
How does the Constitution reflect the times in which it was written?

37. Guided Reading Guided Reading B. Reviewing Key Terms
Plan or Compromise
Provisions
Type of States That Benefited
Virginia Plan
three separate branches, bicameral legislature, representation based on population or wealth of State, lower house popularly elected, upper house chosen by States, veto power over State laws, Congress chooses executive and judiciary, veto power of executive and judiciary over Congress
large States and wealthy States
New Jersey Plan
unicameral legislature, States equally represented, limited power to tax and regulate trade, more than one executive chosen by legislature, State governors could remove executive, judiciary appointed by executive
small States
Connecticut
Compromise
bicameral Congress with membership in House based on population and in Senate based on equal numbers for each State
all States
Three-Fifths
In northern States both taxes and representation were based on population; Southerners could add three-fifths of the enslaved toward representation, but they also had to count them toward taxes owed to the National Government.
southern States for population count, northern States for taxation
Commerce and
Slave Trade
Congress was forbidden to tax exports and to pass laws against slave trade for at least 20 years.
southern States
11. Name a group whose interests seem to have been ignored, or even harmed, by the compromises that created the Constitution.
enslaved African Americans
B. Reviewing Key Terms
On a separate sheet of paper, use the key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.
12. Framers
Sentences should indicate that Framers were delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, and authors of the Constitution.

38. QUIZ!
First & Last Name
Fill in your
ID NUMBER!
CH-2-4

39. Three Ring Circus