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Introduction to Psychology

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1 Introduction to Psychology
Lycke Spring 2019

2 Sciences Physical sciences Life sciences Behavioral sciences
Physics, astronomy, chemistry Life sciences Biology, ecology Behavioral sciences Sociology, economics, anthropology Psychology

3 Psychology is the study of mental processes and behavior.
What is Psychology? Psychology is the study of mental processes and behavior. Behavior: external Mental processes: internal

4 Schools of Thought in Psychology

5 Structuralism: Wundt 1879: first psychological laboratory (Wundt)
The first formal school of psychology Focused on analyzing the basic elements and structure of conscious mental experience Primarily used objective introspection Objectivity: free of bias Wundt: Liepzig, Germany Titchner: England and Cornell U in NY

6 Functionalism: William James
1870, Harvard University The first American school of psychology More practical psychology of everyday life (functionalism) Broadened the scope of psychology to include mental processes of animals, the study of children, and the mentally impaired

7 Psychoanalysis: Freud
Late 1800s Austria Emphasizes the role of unconscious mental forces and conflicts on determining behavior Unconscious (repressed) motives help determine personality and behavior Experiences in early childhood govern personality Personality formed by age 6

8 Behaviorism: Pavlov 1880s (Russia) Reflex: involuntary reaction
Famous experiments with dogs—classical conditioning Mind = black box

9 Behaviorism: Watson Coined the term behaviorism
Only observable events can be studied scientifically Phobias (Freud) are learned behaviors through conditioning Little Albert study Mary Cover Jones: counterconditioning

10 Humanistic psychology: Maslow and Rogers
Focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health Has a generally positive view of psychological development Developed as a reaction against behaviorism and psychoanalysis

11 Cognitive: Piaget 1930s Focuses on mental processes such as memory, problem solving, intelligence, reasoning, learning, language, and perception Precursor to neuroscience Piaget (Swiss) developed the idea of constructivism; studied his own children’s development

12 Gestalt Psychology: Wertheimer
1890, Berlin The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Perception: awareness Sensation: 5 (7?) senses

13

14 Sociocultural: Vygotsky
Combines social psychology, cultural psychology, and cognitive psychology Aims to study the influence of society on individual human behavior and cognition Vygotsky (Russian) developed social constructivism; used heavily in educational psychology

15 Biopsychology: Sperry
Seeks to explain behavior by focusing on the function of the nervous system and other biochemical systems in the body Also known as behavioral neuroscience Sperry discovered the hemispheres of the brain can work independently Evolutionary psychology is a branch that looks at human behavioral development, change, and adaptation over time

16 Specialties in Psychology
Clinical Psychology Cognitive and Perceptual Psychology Counseling Psychology Developmental Psychology Educational Psychology Engineering Psychology Experimental / Research Psychology Forensic Psychology Geriatric Psychology Industrial / Organizational Psychology Neuropsychology School Psychology Social / Personality Psychology Sports Psychology

17 The Scientific Method

18 5 steps (or 6 or 7?) Develop a research question
Form a hypothesis/make a prediction Test the hypothesis/gather and analyze data Draw conclusions/develop findings Report results

19 Research goals Describe (what?) Explain (why?) Predict (when?)
Control/Change (how?)

20 Research Methods

21 Descriptive Design Basic purpose To observe and record behavior
How it’s conducted Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations What is manipulated Nothing

22 Experimental design Basic purpose To explore cause and effect
How it’s conducted Manipulating one or more factors What is manipulated The independent variable(s)

23 Experimental Design Independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated Gender, age, treatment Dependent variable The behavior measured; the response affected by changes in the independent variable Grades, aggression

24 Experimental Design Experimental condition
The condition that exposes subjects to one version of the independent variable Control condition A condition identical to the experimental one, except the independent variable is absent or held constant

25 Confounding variables
Random assignment Assigning subjects to conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences Confounding variables Preexisting differences that may influence whether a hypothesis may be erroneously accepted or rejected Random assignment should limit this problem

26 Correlational studies
Basic purpose To detect naturally occurring relationships To access how well one variable predicts another How it’s conducted Computing statistical associations, surveys What is manipulated Nothing

27 Positive Correlation 6 5 4 3 2 1 Study hours F D C B A Grades

28 Negative Correlation:
6 5 4 3 2 1 TV Viewing F D C B A Grades

29 No Correlation: No Relationship
Hair Bl Color Rd Bk Br F D C B A Grades

30 Correlational Assumptions
Correlation does not mean causation A relationship does not show cause and effect 3rd variables Any outside variable that can influence a possible relationship

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