1. Revolutions in Living, 1900-1950
Chapter 28
World History
2018

2. I. New Technology outside the industrialized World

3. A. Urbanization Urbanization expanded rapidly in East and South Asia
Rickshaws transformed the transportation systems of cities in East Asia, South Asia, and the Indian Ocean littoral (of or relating to the shore of a lake, sea, or ocean)
Whereas railroads and automobiles required steel mills and factories, other new inventions were comparatively inexpensive and adaptable to local customs.

4. B. Electricity
Electricity began to transform home life, and commercial radio stations brought news, sports, soap operas, and advertising to homes throughout North America.
Outside of Europe and N. America – no middle class so no business model.

5. C. New Media
Electricity began to transform home life, and commercial radio stations brought news, sports, soap operas, and advertising to homes throughout North America
Film spread explosively – first talking pictures in the U.S. in 1921 started the domination of Hollywood and diffusion of American culture
Photography also spread, both for artistic expression and for newspaper/magazine articles and advertisements.

6. II. New ways of living in the Industrialized world

7. A. Identity
Expanded role of government led to more white-collar workers
Class distinctions faded as many of the aristocracy had died in battles & revolutions

8. B. Women’s Lives
Before the 20th C. only New Zealand allowed women to vote
Women enjoyed more personal freedoms than ever before including the right to vote in most countries between

9. C. Revolution in the Sciences: The New Physics
In 1919 the Syrians desired to have technical & economic assistance from the United States
Subatomic particles, quanta, Einstein’s theory of relativity, the discovery of light – unlocking new & dangerous sources of energy
Innovations in the social science challenged Victorian morality, middle-class values, and notions of western superiority

10. D. The New Social Sciences
Social scientists undermined the old certainties of European culture
Civilized people had a dark side of human nature
Incredible human losses from WWI, shook many artists and intellectuals’ faith in reason and progress

11. E. New Technologies and Activities
Wright Brothers = mail delivery and connection with colonies prompted airline companies
Military Observation and aerial warfare next
The culture of cleanliness and spread of sporting activities improved health
New types of spectator entertainment
Revival of the Olympic Games in 1896

12. F. Technology and the Environment
Skyscraper & automobile transformed the urban environment.
European cities restricted the height of buildings, but E. architects led the way in designing simple, easily constructed, inexpensive, functional buildings = International Style
The automobile transformed the landscape more than any other development in Western Europe and North America

13. III. A New India,

14. A. The Land and the People
Population growth brought environmental pressure, deforestation, and declining amount of farm land per family
Land shortage forced people into the city which increase urbanization but there were limited jobs
People of India spoke many different languages but English was the common language of Western-educated middle class

15. B. British Rule and Indian Nationalism
Men from the English gentry made up most of the Indian Civil Service – who manipulated technology into India
The British encouraged infrastructure projects but discouraged industrialization by limiting access to technology and training
Lord Curzon’s unilateral decision to divide Bengal into 2 provinces sparked an Indian nationalist movement
Two independent movements developed out of the internal conflict between Hindus and Muslims
Hindus – the Indian National Congress
Muslim – the All-India Muslim League
All classes were disturbed and political consciousness raised, when the British transferred the capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911
Indian nationalists expected Britain to grant them independence due to their support World War I

16. C. Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence
Mahatma = “the great soul”
Gandhi’s “unusual” political ideas included nonviolence
Gandhi protested British violence and policies by fasting
Gandhi walked 80 miles to the beach to collect and make salt – direct violation against the British salt monopoly

17. D. India Moves Toward Independence
Finally in the 1920’s, the British slowly and reluctantly began to give Indians control of areas such as education, the economy, and public works
Jawaharlal Nehru – supported full industrialization
The British government offered India its independence after the war when Indians revolted against colonial authorities at the beginning of World War II

18. E. Partition and Independence
Britain prepared India for independence, but mutual animosity between the two movements led to the partition of India into two states: India and Pakistan
The annexation of Kashmir turned Pakistan and India into bitter enemies

19. IV. Mexico, Argentina and Brazil

20. A. Background to Revolution - Mexico
Latin American countries were economically dependent on the U.S. and Britain, were torn by class divisions of indigenous elites versus European-born people and had significantly different evolutions
Loss of land to the Mexican and American elites impoverished the Mexican peasantry

21. B. Revolution and Civil War in Mexico
Constitutionalists = middle-class and industrial workers
They eventually won control in Mexico because they controlled oil exports and used the profits to buy weapons
They adopted many agrarian and social reforms and defeated and killed Zapata and Villa
Mexico’s National Revolutionary Party created a forum for labor, peasants, and business

22. C. The Transformation of Argentina
Introduction of railroads and refrigerators ships transformed Argentina to an exporter of meat and they became one of the world’s great producers of meat and wheat
Argentina’s government represented the interested of the oligarquia, the small group of wealthy landowners

23. D. Brazil and Argentina
Brazil’s elite - coffee and cacao planters and rubber exporters – used their wealth to
support a lavish lifestyle,
Allowed the British to build railroads, harbors & other infrastructures
Import all manufactured goods
Both dependent on advanced industrial countries
European and U.S. companies dominate
Deforestation was a consequence of the industrialization of Brazil

24. E. The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil
Value of exports plummeted & economies collapsed
The Depression of 1929 resulted in authoritarian regimes that promised to solve their economic problems
Vargas instituted reforms that were beneficial to urban workers, but did nothing to help the landless peasants

25. F. Argentina After 1930 General Uriburu – 13 years with oligarquia
Another coup – Juan Peron and his wife Eva, modeled country on Germany’s Nazi regime
He appealed to urban workers to create a new base of support and he was elected president.
Created a populist dictatorship
His wife Eva was very popular but when she died in 1952, Peron was overthrown in a military coup

26. V. Sub-Saharan Africa

27. A. Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes
Few Europeans lived in Africa but they dominated the African economy
Colonialism provided little modern health care and many colonial policies worsened public health, and undermined the African family
Western-educated lawyers and journalists founded the African National Congress

28. B Religious and Political Changes
By establishing mission schools, Christian religions proved attractive , most successful in the west and south parts of Africa
Islam spread inland from the East African coast and southward from the Sahel towards the West.
World War II was key because many Africans served in Allied armies and returned with radical new ideas
Nationalism led Emperor Haile Selassie to lead his troops and reclaim Ethiopia from Italy

29. C. Africa and the New Media
Radio broadcasting had very little success until South African Broadcasting Corporation was established
SABC had monopolistic control in 1936
Only broadcast in English and Afrikaans
Later British authorities saw radio as a medium for reaching the masses
No cinematic presence prior to World War II

30. Conclusion
A. Politics and Economics under Imperialism 1. The peoples of sub-Saharan Africa and India remained under colonial rule after the war. Elites in these regions worked toward independence while ordinary people wanted social justice. 2. Though politically independent, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil were economically tied to industrializing nations. Argentina and Brazil moved toward economic independence but fell victim to social unrest, militarism, and dictatorship in the process. B. The Problems of Independence 1. Though India finally gained independence from colonial rule, the country was torn apart by ethnic conflict. 2. The desire for independence did not always unite people against colonial rulers because of the social, ethnic, and religious divisions within their populations.