1. The Making of the Modern World
Tuesday 27 October am
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: ORIGINS
Tutor: Giorgio Riello

2. Why is the Industrial Revolution (IR) important
Why is the Industrial Revolution (IR) important? The IR starts the world we live in, characterised by: - factories (industrial production - complex technology But also, the last 250 years have seen enormous changes in people's lives

3. The UK in 1800 and 2000: some comparisons
Population
9 million
58 million
Wealth per capita
£1,500
£21,000
Life expectancy 40 79

4. To be precise… The IR is not a single event.
The IR a series of events, changes and transformations occurred in a centain period of time.
And historians have made sense of these events, by creating the concept of ‘The industrial revolution‘
The IR is strongly linked to the beginning on ‘modernity’

5. Today Tomorrow The IR in Britain, c. 1750-1840
The industrialisation in Continental Europe and beyond, c

6. The Revolutions 1. demographic increase (change in population) 2
The Revolutions 1. demographic increase (change in population) 2. urbanisation 3. agricultural revolution 4. commercial revolution 5. Transport

7. 1. Demographic increase

8. 1. Demographic increase
There are three ways to increase the total population:
a. sustained immigration
b. high birth rate (increase in no. of children born)
c. lower death rate (people live longer).

9. 1. Demographic increase

11. 2. Urbanisation

12. Table 1. Urban population during the industrial revolution in Britain
Table 1. Urban population during the industrial revolution in Britain
(in thousands)
1801
1851
1901
Birmigham
24 (1750) 71
265
760
Manchester
43 (1788) 75
338
645
London -
1117
2685
6586
Norwich
36 (1752) 37
Liverpool
34 (1773) 78
Glasgow 77
375
762

13. 3. Agricultural Revolution
an increase in agrarian production though the intensificaiton of agriculture:
using new lands (such as marginal land);
using existing land more efficiently (ex: enclosures);
and adopting new agrarian practises (ex: crop rotation).

14. 4. Commercial Revolution

15. 5. Transport
The way of moving people and goods in the eighteenth century was via:
Roads and turnpikes
waterways and costal shipping
canals.

19. The Industrial Revolution: General Features
The expression ‘industrial revolution’ was first used in French (revolution industrielle) in but came to be widel used in English only after the publication of the book entitled The Industrial Revolution by Arnold Toynbee in This was the first economic history of England in the age of industrialisation

20. The Industrial Revolution: General Features The classic intepretation of the IR undelines: - Change from artesanal to industrial production - The use of inanimante energy, esp. coal - The intensification of labour - The proletarisation of the workforce - The urbanisation of the population

21. ‘one might have arrived in Egypt since so many factory chimneys … stretch upwards towards the sky like great obelisks’ (Escher, in Anderson, Industrial Britain, p. 84).
‘the sight of an English industrial town … is most depressing; nothing pleases the eye’ and Manchester was ‘a place in which many were enslaved for the profit of the few and the sky was blotted out by smoke and dust’ (Schinkel, English Journeys, p. 13)
‘The Great Beehive’, that she thought was an ‘appropriate name for this immense hive of human industry, in which it would be difficult to forget … that man is not a mere working bee, living to fill his part in the hive and then to die!’ (Frederika Bremer, England in 1851, p. 16).
‘self-interest and money gain. In other countries men seek opulence to enjoy life; the English seek it to live’ (cit. in Wilson, Strange Island, p. 197).
All in Giorgio Riello and Patrick K. O’Brien, 'The Future is Another Country: Offshore Views of the British Industrial Revolution', Journal of Historical Sociology, 22/1 (2009), pp. 1-29

22. The Industrial Revolution: Different Explanations
Exp. 1. Until the 1970s (in particular c ):
- economic growth
- key sectors (esp. cotton textiles)
Factory production
Use of new technologies
Exp. 2. From the mid 1970s to the mid 1990s:
a wider range of sectors
the continuity with pre-industrial manufacturing (manufactures)
consumption
proto-industrialisation
Exp. 3. Since the mid 1990s:
the IR in a more global perspective,
new concept of ‘divergence’

23. Explanation 1: Economic Growth
W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Comunist Manifesto (Cambridge, 1960) underlined how the IR could be replicated in other parts of the world, especially the Third World.
Deane & Cole, David Landes, Eric Hobsbawm and other economic historians gave more space to a view of the IR as a story of modernization.
This way of telling the IR emphasised three issues:
- The role of cotton textiles
- The role of technology
- The role of factories

24. a. Cotton textile production
Woman at a spinning wheel, spinning wool

25. Richard Arkwright inventor of the ‘water frame’ for spinning cotton

26. Arkwright’s factory in Derbyshire
Model of Water Frame by Arkwright, 1769

27. Cartwright’s mechanic loom, c. 1830

28. b. Role of Technology
The industrial revolution as a ‘wave of gadgets’.
Memorial to Boulton, Watt and Murdoch in Birmingham

29. b. Role of Technology Critiques:
technology is a necessary but not sufficient condition.
the relationship between technology and science.
how to explain technology itself? Technologies were:
were the result of multiple discoveries in which none of them is vital.
They were quite simple.
most inventors were popularised later

31. Robert Owen’s New Lanark near Glasgow, c. 1820

32. Explanation 2. Manufactures

33. Explanation 2. Manufactures
Alternative smaller-scale units that co-existed with those factories were not so primitive during the IR
Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures (1985; 2nd edn. 1994).

34. Concept 1: Proto-industrialization
Proto-industry is industrial production in small units mostly in the countryside to produce goods to be sold in distant market.
The Proto-industrial model was developed by Franklin Mendels and developed by Kriedte, Medick e Schlumbohm.
The model contained three elements:
a strong link between agriculture and industry.
production that was co-ordinated by so-called merchant-entrepreneurs.
an industry dependent on long-distance markets.

35. See You Tomorrow