1. RTL Design Methodology Transition from Pseudocode & Interface
Lecture 3
RTL Design Methodology
Transition from
Pseudocode & Interface
to a Corresponding Block Diagram

2. Structure of a Typical Digital System
Data Inputs
Control & Status Inputs
Control
Signals
Datapath
(Execution
Unit)
Controller
(Control
Unit)
Status
Signals
Data Outputs
Control & Status Outputs

3. Hardware Design with RTL VHDL
Pseudocode
Interface
Datapath
Controller
ASM
chart
Block
diagram
VHDL code
VHDL code

4. Steps of the Design Process
Text description
Interface
Pseudocode
Block diagram of the Datapath
Interface divided into Datapath and Controller
ASM chart of the Controller
RTL VHDL code of the Datapath, Controller, and Top-Level Unit
Testbench for the Datapath, Controller, and Top-Level Unit
Functional simulation and debugging
Synthesis and post-synthesis simulation
Implementation and timing simulation
Experimental testing using FPGA board

5. Steps of the Design Process Introduced in Class Today
Text description
Interface
Pseudocode
Block diagram of the Datapath
Interface divided into Datapath and Controller
ASM chart of the Controller
RTL VHDL code of the Datapath, Controller, and Top-level Unit
Testbench for the Datapath, Controller, and Top-Level Unit
Functional simulation and debugging
Synthesis and post-synthesis simulation
Implementation and timing simulation
Experimental testing using FPGA board

6. Class Exercise 1
STATISTICS

7. Pseudocode no_1 = no_2 = no_3 = sum = 0 for i=0 to k-1 do
sum = sum + din
if din > no_1 then
no_3 = no_2
no_2 = no_1
no_1 = din
elseif (din > no_2) then
no_2 = din
elseif (din > no_3) then
no_3 = din
end if
end for
avr = sum / k

8. Circuit Interface n 2
clk
reset
din go
done
dout
dout_mode
Statistics

9. Interface Table Port Width Meaning clk 1 System clock. reset
System reset.
din n
Input Data. go
Signal active high for k clock cycles during which Input Data is read by the circuit.
done
Signal set to high after the output is ready.
dout
Output dependent on the dout_mode input.
dout_mode 2
Control signal determining value available at the output.
00: avr, 01: no_1, 10: no_2, 11: no_3.

10. STATISTICS:
Solutions

11. Block diagram of the Datapath
din n n n
en1 en
reset
rst
n+m
clk
clk A
gt1
n+m
no_1
A>B n
esum en
reset n B
rst
clk
clk 1 s2
sum
n+m
en2
enc en
reset en
reset
rst
rst
clk
clk
clk
clk A
gt2
no_2 m
A>B
n+m n n B i 1 s3
>> m
= k-1
en3 en
reset
rst n
clk
clk A
gt3
avr
A>B n
no_3 zk
no_1
no_2
no_3 B n n n
dout_mode 00 01 10 11 2 n
dout
Block diagram of the Datapath

12. Interface with the division into the Datapath and the Controller
dout_mode
din
clk
reset go n 2
gt1
gt2
gt3
Datapath
Controller zk
en1
en2
en3
esum
enc s2 s3 n
dout
done

13. Class Exercise 2
CIPHER

14. Pseudocode
Split input I into four words, I3, I2, I1, I0, of the size of w bits each
A = I3; B = I2; C = I1; D=I0
B = B + S[0]
D = D + S[1]
for i = 1 to r do {
T = (B*(2B + 1)) <<< k
U = (D*(2D + 1)) <<< k
A = ((A ⊕ T) <<< U) + S[2i]
C = ((C ⊕ U) <<< T) + S[2i + 1]
(A, B, C, D) = (B, C, D, A) }
A = A + S[2r + 2]
C = C + S[2r + 3]
O = (A, B, C, D)

15. Notation w: word size, e.g., w=8 (constant) k: log2(w) (constant)
A, B, C, D, U, T: w-bit variables
I3, I2, I1, I0: Four w-bit words of the input I
r: number of rounds (constant)
O: output of the size of 4w bits
S[j] : 2r+4 round keys stored in two RAMs.
Each key is a w-bit word.
The first RAM stores values of S[j=2i], i.e., only round keys
with even indices. The second memory stores values of
S[j=2i+1], i.e., only round keys with odd indices.

16. Operations ⊕ : XOR + : addition modulo 2w – : subtraction modulo 2w
* : multiplication modulo 2w
X <<< Y : rotation of X to the left by the number of positions
given in Y
X >>> Y : rotation of X to the right by the number of positions
(A, B, C, D) : Concatenation of A, B, C, and D.

17. Circuit Interface CIPHER clk reset O I write_I DONE Sj Write_Sj j 4wm

18. Interface Table
Note:
m is a size of index j. It is a minimum integer, such that 2m -1  2r+3.

19. Protocol (1) An external circuit first loads all round keys
S[0], S[1], S[2], …, S[2r+2], [2r+3]
to the two internal memories of the CIPHER unit.
The first memory stores values of S[j=2i], i.e., only round
keys with even indices. The second memory stores values of
S[j=2i+1], i.e. only round keys with odd indices.
Loading round keys is performed using inputs: Sj, j, write_Sj, clk.
Then, the external circuits, loads an input block I to the
CIPHER unit, using inputs: I, write_I, clk.
After the input block I is loaded to the CIPHER unit,
the encryption starts automatically.

20. Protocol (2)
When the encryption is completed, signal DONE becomes active,
and the output O changes to the new value of the ciphertext.
The output O keeps the last value of the ciphertext at the output,
until the next encryption is completed. Before the first encryption
is completed, this output should be equal to zero.

21. Assumptions
• 2r+4 clock cycles are used to load round keys to internal RAMs
one round of the main for loop of the pseudocode executes in one clock cycle
• you can access only one position of each internal memory of round keys per clock cycle
As a result, the encryption of a single input block I
should last r+2 clock cycles.

22. Question 1: Explain how to perform the following operations
a) Z = X+Y mod 28
b) Z = X*Y mod 28
using
an 8-bit adder with carry in (cin) and carry out (cout), and
an 8x8 multiplier, respectively,
where X, Y, and Z are 8-bit variables.

23. Question 2: Explain using simple diagrams (based on medium-scale logic
components) how to efficiently perform the following operations in
hardware using combinational logic only
a) Y = X <<< 3
b) Y = X >>> Z,
where X, Y, and Z are 8-bit variables.

24. Question 3:
Explain how to perform the following operation using simple
arithmetic and logic circuits:
Y = (X*(2X + 1)) mod 28,
where X and Y are 8-bit variables.

25. Question 4: Explain how to perform the following operation using
a single-port ROM only:
Y = (X*(2X + 1)) mod 28,
where X and Y are 8-bit variables.
Show the implementation as a ROM, including the width of the
address input and the width of the data output, as well as the
contents of memory locations with addresses 0, 1, 8 and 16.