1. 1.3 The chemistry of carbon / hydrogen containing compounds
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1.3 The chemistry of carbon / hydrogen containing compounds

2. HYDROCARBONS THE SIMPLEST TYPE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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HYDROCARBONS
THE SIMPLEST TYPE OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
HYDROCARBONS - CONTAIN ONLY C, H

3. Stoker Chp
HYDROCARBONS C H
at least
one
triple
bond
ALKYNES

4. COMMON HYDROCARBON TYPES
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COMMON HYDROCARBON TYPES C H
only
single
bonds
Saturated
hydrocarbons
at least
one
double
bond
Unsaturated hydrocrabon
at least
one
triple
bond
ALKYNES

5. HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
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HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
One or more H’s are replaced
with an atom of O, N, S, F, Cl, Br, I

6. HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
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HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES C H Cl C H O C H OH

7. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d
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Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d
Fig Terms for organic compounds.
3-6)

8. 1.4 Alkanes Acyclic (no rings) = alkane Cyclic (contains rings)
Section 1.12 C H

9. 1.4 Alkanes (cont.) Are acyclic “saturated” hydrocarbons.
Contain only single bonds C-C
Every carbon is sp3 (tetrahedral)
General formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8

10. Stoker Chp
1.4 Alkanes
Fig. 1.3
Molecular structures of (a) methane, (b) ethane, and (c) propane, the three simplest alkanes.

11. 1.5 Structural formulas Expanded (Lewis structure)
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H-C-H H-C-C-H H-C-C-C-H
Methane Ethane Propane
THESE TAKE A LOT OF SPACE TO DRAW
THEY TAKE A LONG TIME TO DRAW

12. 1.5 Structural formulas Condensed (easier and faster to draw)
Methane CH4
Ethane CH3-CH3
Propane CH3-CH2-CH3

13. 1.5 Structural formulas Condensed
Octane: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
More condensed
CH3-(CH2)6-CH3

14. 1.6 Alkane Isomerism Linear carbon chain
Octane: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
Branched carbon chain (acyclic)
CH3 |
CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

15. CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERISM
Same molecular formula, different connectivity of the atoms
As the #C increase the #isomers increases very rapidly (Table 1.1)

16. 1.7 Conformations of alkanes
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1.7 Conformations of alkanes
MOST ATOMS ATTACHED
BY A SINGLE BOND ARE
FREE TO ROTATE AROUND
THE BOND
The relative orientation of the atoms is called a CONFORMATION
HOW MANY CONFORMATIONS ARE THERE?

17. CONFORMATIONS OF BUTANE
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CONFORMATIONS OF BUTANE
SAWHORSE PROJECTIONS OF PREVIOUS SLIDE C H 3
SYN
ANTI C C C C
GAUCHE
GAUCHE C C C C
ECLIPSED
ECLIPSED C C C C

18. I nternational U nion of P ure and A pplied C hemistry
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1. 8 IUPAC RULES
systematic nomenclature
I nternational
U nion of
P ure and
A pplied
C hemistry
colloquially:
“eye-you-pac”

19. FEATURES OF THE IUPAC SYSTEM
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FEATURES OF THE IUPAC SYSTEM
It is a system where every compound (even isomers)
has a unique name.
If the rules are followed, everyone gets the same name
for a given compound.
Once given the name, anyone can draw the structure
of the compound.
WORKS
BOTH
DIRECTIONS
IUPAC
STRUCTURE
NAME

20. 1.2

21. IUPAC METHOD 1. Find the longest continuous chain of
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IUPAC METHOD
1. Find the longest continuous chain of
carbon atoms and name it using the linear
alkane names.
2. Number the chain starting from the end
nearest a branch.

22. IUPAC METHOD 3. Give each substituent a name based on the
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IUPAC METHOD
3. Give each substituent a name based on the
number of carbon atoms it has.
4. Give each substituent a locant number
determined by its location on the chain.
5. Assemble the name.

23. RULE 1. FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS AND NAME IT
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RULE 1. FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS AND NAME IT
C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C 9
it won’t always be
the horizontal one
as shown here
NONANE
all possibilites must be examined try these also ……..
C-C
C-C
C-C-C-
C-C-C-C-C-C C-
C-C-C
-C-C-C-C-C C C 6 8

24. RULE 2. Number the chain starting from the end nearest a branch
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RULE 2. Number the chain starting from the end nearest a branch
nonane
C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C

25. Stoker Chp
RULE 3. Give each substituent a name based on the number of carbon atoms it has.
substituent
nonane
C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C
substituent
Groups attached to the main chain are called
substituents.

26. methyl ethyl propyl butyl pentyl hexyl heptyl octyl nonyl decyl
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(substituents)
methyl
ethyl
propyl
butyl
pentyl
hexyl
heptyl
octyl
nonyl
decyl

27. Stoker Chp
RULE 3. Give each substituent a name based on the number of carbon atoms it has.
ethyl
nonane
C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C
methyl

28. Rule 4. Give each substituent a locant number
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Rule 4. Give each substituent a locant number
determined by its location on the chain. 4-
ethyl
nonane
C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C 2-
methyl

29. RULE 5. Assemble the name. “ane” MAIN CHAIN STEM LOCANT SUBSTITUENT
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“ane”
MAIN CHAIN
STEM
LOCANT
SUBSTITUENT
ENDING
number
word
suffix
word
name of the
substituent
indicates
the type
of compound
indicates
position of the
substituent
on the chain
indicates the
number of
carbon atoms
in the chain

30. PUNCTUATION RULES 1. Numbers are separated from words by hyphens
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PUNCTUATION RULES
1. Numbers are separated from words
by hyphens
2-methyl…….
2. Numbers are separated from numbers
by commas.
2,3- ……..
example coming shortly
Substituents are named in alphabetical
order
……4-ethyl-2-methyl….
4. All words are joined - no breaks
……methylnonane

31. ASSEMBLING A NAME 4-ethyl-2-methylnonane 4-ethyl nonane C-C
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ASSEMBLING A NAME
4-ethyl
nonane
C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C
2-methyl
4-ethyl-2-methylnonane

32. ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE 4 3 2 1 2-methylbutane butane 2- methyl
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ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE
butane
1. find longest chain and name 2-
methyl
2. number from end
nearest a branch
3. name substituents
2-methylbutane
4. locant number
5. assemble name

33. Stoker Chp
Name this compound

34. Stoker Chp
Name this compound

35. Use multipliers if there are MORE THAN ONE of the same substituent
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DI-
TRI-
TETRA-
PENTA-
HEXA-
HEPTA-
OCTA-
NONA-
DECA-
These are ignored
when alphabetizing

36. How would you name this one?
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How would you name this one?
Every substituent must get a number