1. Unit 7: World War I and Beyond
The Great War
Unit 7: World War I and Beyond

2. From neutrality to war

3. M.A.I.N. long-term Causes:
I. Causes of WWI
M.A.I.N. long-term Causes: M. A. I. N.
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism

4. I. Causes of WWI A. Nationalism and Competition Heighten Tension
Intense nationalism and international rivalries
Ex) France wanting Alsace-Lorraine back
Destabilized old multinational empires
Ex) Serbs in Austria-Hungary Empire
Imperialism and Economic Competition

6. I. Causes of WWI B. Militarism Produces an Arms Race
Germany & Britain competed at sea
Germany, France, & Russia competed on land
More technologically advanced weapons

7. I. Causes of WWI C. Alliances Make Nations Overconfident and Reckless
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente: France, Russia, and Great Britain

8. I. Causes of WWI D. Assassination Hurtles Europe Toward World War
SHORT TERM CAUSE: June 28, 1914: Serbian Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, in Sarajevo

9. II. The Fighting Begins A. Alliances Cause a Chain Reaction
In less than a week, Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary (later joined by the Ottoman Empire) were at war against the Allied Powers of Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia.

10. II. The Fighting Begins B. Deadly Technology Leads to Stalemate
Western Front in France was a critical battlefield
Defensive weapons were better and more devastating than offensive ones = deadly stalemate

11. Wilson Urges neutrality
American Opinion Crystallizes
Isolationists: stay out of war
Interventionists: join the Allies
Internationalists: work toward peace w/o joining war

12. neutrality Gives Way to War
Britain Blockades Germany
Britain prevented Germany from getting contraband (war supplies) and non- contraband (food, gasoline, medical supplies) to its people

13. neutrality Gives Way to War
German Submarines Violate Neutral Rights
1915: Germans sank Allied ships using its U-boats (submarines)
Sunk unarmed passenger ship Lusitania

14. neutrality Gives Way to War
Wilson Prepares for War
National Defense Act expanded army
Naval Construction Act built more warships
Wilson re-elected in 1916: “He kept us out of war”

15. neutrality Gives Way to War
America Enters the War
Zimmerman Note: Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico against the U.S.
April 6, 1917: Congress declared war on Germany

16. The Home Front What is Public Opinion? Why does it matter?

17. George Creel: Committee of Public Opinion Food Administration War Industries Board Selective Service Espionage Act 1917 Sedition Act 1918 **Must include a slogan, image, and convince the American Public that this is a good thing!

18. I. America Mobilizes for War
A. Building an Army
Selective Service Act authorized military draft
2.8 million drafted
4.8 million Americans fought

19. I. America Mobilizes for War
B. Constructing a War Economy
War Industries Board under Bernard Baruch regulated industries (told companies what to make)
Food Administration under Herbert Hoover regulated food and agriculture (rationing)

20. I. America Mobilizes for War
C. Shaping Public Opinion
Committee of Public Opinion (CPI) under George Creel used advertisements to show the public that the war was justified

21. II. Opposition and its consequences
A. Resistance to Draft
Some refused to cooperate w/Selective Service or became conscientious objectors, whose moral/religious beliefs forbid them from fighting

22. II. Opposition and its consequences
B. Women Work for Peace
Some women’s groups opposed the war while others supported it
Nurses, teachers, red cross, clerks,
Jane Addams: opposed the war

23. II. Opposition and its consequences
C. The Government Cracks Down on Dissent
Espionage Act 1917: Severe penalties were given to people engaged in disloyal or treasonous acts
Sedition Act 1918: Banned speaking badly about the American gov’t or military
Eugene V. Debs ran for president in while in prison for breaking this law
stop

24. II. Opposition and its consequences
D. Prejudice Against German Americans
German people and gov’t were condemned by the media and CPI propaganda
German Americans were harassed and beaten (a few were killed)

25. III. War Changes American Society
A. Women Embrace New Opportunities
Army Corps of Nurses (1918)
Women proved worthy in the workplace --> 19th Amendment (suffrage)

26. III. War Changes American SOciety
B. African Americans Follow Opportunity North
Great Migration: 1.2 million African Americans moved to the North from …new jobs

27. Wilson, War, and Peace

28. I. America Gives Allies the edge
A. Allied Convoys Protect Shipping
Allies used convoys, groups of merchant ships protected by warships
Made German U-boats unsuccessful

29. I. America Gives Allies the edge
B. The Allies Struggle
Russia dropped out of the war after Russian Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin in 1917
Germans sent more troops to Western Front

30. I. America Gives Allies the edge
C. American Troops Join the Fight
Troops led by General John J. Pershing joined in Europe in June 1917

31. I. America Gives Allies the edge
E. The War Ends
November 11, 1918: Germany surrenders to the Allies in a railway car in Compiegne, France
5 million Allied and 8 million Central Power troops were dead

32. II. Wilson Promotes peace without victory
A. Peace Without Victory
Wilson’s Fourteen Points stated he wanted a “peace without victory”

33. II. Wilson Promotes peace without victory
B. Fourteen Points and League of Nations
Fourteen Points promoted openness, independence, freedom, & self-determination
League of Nations would secure mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity

34. Wilson at the paris peace conference
Allied Leaders Reject Wilson’s Ideas
British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George and French Premier Georges Clemenceau wanted “victory”
Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay reparations and wanted Alsace-Lorraine back

35. Fourteen Points PS
Look at all 14 points and paraphrase the meaning under. (write in your own words)

36. Wilson Promotes peace without victory
Peace Conference at Versailles
Wilson represented the U.S. at the peace conference and didn't invite any Republicans, like foreign policy expert Henry Cabot Lodge
Republicans had recently gained control of the Congress

37. America rejects the treaty
Wilson Faces Troubles at Home
Irreconcilables (isolationists) in the Senate opposed the treaty with a League of Nations
Revionionalists led by Henry Cabot Lodge wanted changes to the treaty
Wilson fought for the League of Nations even as he was growing very ill and had a stroke

38. iv. America rejects the treaty
The Senate Rejects the Versailles Treaty
Irreconcilables and reservationists won
Without full American support, the League of Nations wasn’t able to maintain peace

39. Wilson at the Paris peace conference
Allies Create a League of Nations
League of Nations, a world organization where countries could gather and peacefully resolve their quarrels, was added to the Treaty of Versailles

40. Wilson at the Paris peace conference
Problems With Peace
National self-determination was often violated by the new map created at the conference

41. America adjusts to peace
Flu Epidemic Grips the Nation
Great influenza pandemic of killed millions worldwide

42. Effects of the War

43. America adjusts to peace
Women and African Americans Confront New Realities
By 1920: fewer women in workforce and African Americans had to compete with returning soldiers for jobs and housing

44. America adjusts to peace
Inflation Leads to Labor Unrest
Industrial workers’ wages couldn't buy as much after the war due to inflation
Fought for higher wages and shorter workdays

45. Americans Embrace Normalcy
“Return to Normalcy”
Republican Warren G. Harding became President in 1920
Called for a “return to normalcy” (simpler times before Wilson became President)

46. Americans Embrace Normalcy
A Quiet American Giant
U.S. was a creditor nation
Countries owed the U.S. money
Economic center of the world shifted from London to New York City

47. Americans Embrace Normalcy
The World Adjusts to a New Order
German and Russian monarchies fell
Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ended
Britain and France hurt economically and politically