1. The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times
Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry (manufacturing)

2. Key Terms
Industrialization – a shift from an agricultural economy (farming) to one based on industry (manufacturing)
Manufacturing – the use of machines, tools, and labor to make things for use or sale
Rural – farming or country life; villages (sparsely populated)
Urban – city life (densely populated)
Urbanization – the movement of people to cities
Tenement – a substandard, multi-family dwelling; usually old and occupied by the poor
Free market – a market in which there is no economic intervention and regulation by the state (govt)
Capitalism – private ownership of means of production
Socialism – society (not the individual) owns and operates the means of production

3. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution – improved the quality and quantity of food
Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop rotation to get higher yields
This led to a surplus of food = fewer people died from hunger = rapid growth in population
Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure: the process of taking over and consolidating land once shared by peasant farmers (farm output and profits rose)
New technologies and new sources of energy and materials (e.g., James Watt’s steam engine became a key source of power)

4. Push Factors: Where did all the people go?
Fewer worker needed on the lands
Farmers forced off their lands
Small owners could not compete
Villages shrank
Cities grew – and GREW!!
Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c Shows the densely populated and polluted environments created in the new industrial cities

5. Migration to Cities Urbanization
Urbanization: the movement of people to cities
Changes in farming, soaring population, and an increase in demand for workers led people to move from farms to the cities to work in factories
Small towns near natural resources and cities near factories boomed instantly
Urbanization

6. First Major Industry to Form
TEXTILE!
The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to make it. This raised a problem for the consumer because the products were at a higher cost. The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by hand (which took a long time to create), therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the consumer.
Remember the ‘Spinning Jenny’? It reduced the amount of time and work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity)

7. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

8. Growth of Industry Growth of factories
As demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with new machines (e.g., flying shuttle, spinning jenny)
To house these new machines, manufacturers built the first factories
New machines and factories increased production
By the 1850s, factories began to be powered by coal and steam engines

9. Technological Advances that Produced the Industrial Revolution
Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves
Steam Engine: James Watt
Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney
Process for making Steel: Henry Bessemer

10. Spinning Jenny: 1764 Invented by James Hargreaves
At the time, cotton production could not keep up with demand
This machine spun many threads at the same time, thus reducing the amount of work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity = produced yarn quickly)

11. Modern Steam Engine: 1763-1775 Improved by James Watt
Offered a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency
Could be used to drive many different types of machinery (by the 1850s, most factories were powered by the steam engine)
Increased the demand for coal to heat the water to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)

12. Cotton Gin: 1793
Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning of cotton
A machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand
Led to the demand for more slaves

14. (Henry) Bessemer Process for the Manufacture of Steel: 1856
Bessemer process involved using oxygen in air blown through molten pig iron to burn off the impurities and thus create steel
Lowered the cost of steel production, leading to steel being widely substituted for cast iron
Steel used for the production of guns and railway structures such as bridges and tracks

15. Technology
The Industrial Revolution was built on rapid advances in technology
Which of these three inventions most changed the way that raw materials, goods, and people moved?

16. The Impact of the Railroad
Transportation innovation that most changed the way raw materials, goods, and people moved
Allowed communication and trade between places previously deemed too far

17. Factories and Factory Towns
Where employees worked
Major change from cottage industry
Had to leave home to work (travel to cities)
Working in a factory
No safety codes = dangerous work for all
Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c, dirty, smelly, cramped)
Long workdays (12-14 hours)
Little pay (men compete with women and children for wages)
Child labor = kept costs of production low and profits high
Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all day every day)
Owners of mines and factories exercised control over lives of laborers
Life in factory towns
Towns grew up around factories and coal mines
Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes = sickness
Rapid population growth
Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory buildings divided into apartments)

18. Conditions in Factories
Dangerous
Machinery
Monotony
Dirty
Cramped spaces

19. Young women in the textile mills of Massachusetts died at an average age of 26, constantly inhaling cotton dust, working long hours in unventilated rooms lit by oil lamps

20. Child Labor Young children Long hours Poor treatment
Dangerous conditions

22. Life in Factory Towns Rapid Population Growth Cramped Tenements
Poor Sanitation
Pollution

23. Housing
Tenement = a substandard, multi-family dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poor
Built cheaply
Multiple stories
No running water
No toilet
Sewer down the middle of street
Trash thrown out into street
Crowded (5+ people living in one room)
Breeding grounds for diseases
Pollution from factory smoke

24. Factories and Mass Production
The factory system changed the world of work;
Mass Production = the production of large amounts of standardized products, especially on assembly lines
Mass production began in U.S.
Elements:
Interchangeable parts
Assembly line
Production and repair faster and more efficient
Mass Production
Dramatic increase in production
Businesses charged less
Affordable goods
More repetitious jobs
Soon became norm
Effects

25. Assembly Line
Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along the belt from one work station to the next
A different person performs each task along the assembly line
This division of labor made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods

26. First Assembly Line: Henry Ford - Automobiles

27. Rise of Labor Unions
Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions
Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children
Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

28. The Jungle Upton Sinclair
Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the working class and the corruption of the American meatpacking industry in the early 20th Century
Depicts poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant living and working conditions, and hopelessness prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption of those in power

29. Large Gaps between Rich & Poor
The “HAVE-NOTS”
The Poor, The Over-Worked,
and the Destitute
The “HAVES”
Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

30. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

31. New Ways of Thinking: Economic Patterns Capitalism vs. Socialism

32. Capitalism
Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profit
Free-market economy: decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors
Profit goes to owners who invest in the business
Wages are paid to workers employed by companies and businesses

33. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

34. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]

35. Karl Marx: Communism Wrote: The Communist Manifesto, 1848
A response to the injustices of capitalism; argued that capitalism would produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction
Communism = a political philosophy that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production and an end to private property
“Class struggle between employers and employees is inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its emphasis on greediness and selfishness, the new society ruled by the proletariat (working class) will ensure social, economic, and political equality for everyone.”

36. Capitalism vs. Communism
an economic and social system in which capital
is privately owned
labor, goods and capital are traded in markets; and
profits distributed to owners or invested in technologies and industries.
Communism:
a social structure in which classes are abolished
property is commonly controlled
A dictatorship of the workers
Capitalism “Re-Definitions”
Communism “Re-Definitions”

37. Effects of the Industrial Revolution

38. How did industrialization change the way of life?
Large gaps
between the
rich and the poor
Changes brought by
industrialization
Size ↑
Class Tensions
Cities
Factories
Working Conditions
The rise of the
middle class
Living Conditions
No safety
codes
Sickness
Long hours,
Little pay
Dangerous
conditions

39. Positive Effects Increased world productivity
Growth of railroads (faster and more efficient transportation of goods and people)
New entrepreneurs emerged (more money = more technology/inventions)
New inventions improved quality of life for many
Labor eventually organized (unions) to improve working conditions
Laws were enacted to enforce health and safety codes in cities and factories
New opportunities for women
Rise of the middle class – size, power, and wealth expanded
Social structure becomes more flexible

40. Negative Effects: Factory Life
Child labor used in factories & mines
Miserable (dirty, cramped) and dangerous (fingers, limbs, & lives lost) working conditions
Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery
Long working hours – six days a week, with little pay
Rigid schedules ruled each day
Gas, candle & oil lamps created soot and smoke in factories
Diseases such as pneumonia & tuberculosis spread through factories

41. Negative Effects: Labor Practices & Housing Issues
Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes violent)
Strikes take place
Women were paid less than men (were actually preferred)
Indentured workers
Employers had a more impersonal relationship with employees
Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded, and cold
Human and industrial waste contaminated water supplies – typhoid and cholera spread

42. Negative Effects: Worldwide
Air pollution increased over cities and industrial areas
Technological changes eroded the balance of power in Europe
Contributed to the growth of imperialism and communism (Marx’s & Engels’ theories)
Produced weaponry that gave Western nations a military advantage over developing nations

43. Not Necessarily Good or Bad
The location of work places changed as more goods were produced away from the home environment (towns/factories)
Educational systems emphasized more science, technology, and business
A global economy began to emerge (trade)

44. Summary: Social Effects
Increase in population of cities
Women and children enter the workplace as cheap labor
Rise of labor unions
Introduction of reforms
Laws to protect children in the workplace
Minimum wage and maximum hour laws
Federal safety and health standards
Growth of the middle class
Increased production and higher demand for raw materials = growth of worldwide trade
Expansion of education
Women’s increased demands for suffrage

45. Advantages of the Industrial Revolution
Goods were able to be produced much more cheaply
There were greater job opportunities
There was an increase in wealth and in general quality of life
An independent urban manufacturing business force arose
New inventions and innovations occurred; information spread, making the world “smaller”
Spurred the rise of large cities