1. Life after Reconstruction

2. After the Civil War:
Blacks make political and civil gains…
13th Amendment - gave 4.3 million slaves their freedom
14th Amendment - African Americans given citizenship
15th Amendment - African American men given right to vote 2

3. African Americans Lost Economic Power
40 Acres & a Mule - After slavery, many African Americans thought they would get this, but didn’t
Sharecropping - Instead work on land owned by whites & share profits from crops 3

4. African Americans Lost Political Power
Poll Tax - had to pay to vote
Literacy Test - Had to read to vote
Grandfather Clause - Could get around 1st 2 if your grandfather could vote 4

5. 1876 Presidential Tickets

6. SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION
By the turn of the 20th century, Southern States had adopted a broad system of legal discrimination
Blacks had to deal with voting restrictions, Jim Crow laws, Supreme Court set-backs, and physical violence

7. Black Codes- U.S. States passed these laws to take away the Civil Rights of African Americans.
Occurred in former Confederate States in the 1860s and the laws went on a state by state basis
Examples of Black Codes:
Literacy Tests to vote
Licenses required for work,
marriage, weapons, property ownership, etc.
NO Vagrancy, required to work, and the Codes regulated the type of work, and the hours of labor

8. VOTING RESTRICTIONS
All Southern states imposed new voting restrictions and denied legal equality to African Americans
Some states limited the vote to those who could read, other states had a poll tax which had to be paid prior to voting

9. Jim Crow Laws
The term Jim Crow comes from the minstrel show song “Jump Jim Crow” written in 1828 and performed by Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice, a white English migrant to the U.S. and the first to popularize the blackface performance.
A caricature of a shabbily dressed rural black named “Jim Crow” became a standard character in minstrel shows.

12. JIM CROW LAWS
Southern states passed segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities
These laws came to be known as “Jim Crow Laws”, named after an old minstrel song
Racial segregation was put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems throughout the South

14. Etiquette
Blacks were expected to refer to whites with titles of superiority like BOSS, SIR, CAPTIAN, MISS, or MRS.
Whites referred to blacks using derogatory terms like BOY, LADY, GIRL and the N word.
Blacks were expected to lets whites walk of the sidewalk and signs reading things like “Negroes and Dogs Not Allowed” were common

15. RACE RELATIONS
Blacks faced legal discrimination as well as informal rules and customs
Meant to humiliate these “rules” included; whites never shaking the hand of an African America, blacks had to yield the sidewalk to whites, blacks also had to remove their hats in the presence of whites

16. Jim Crow Violence:
How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow?
Ku Klux Klan - secret terrorist society that beat, raped, and murdered African Americans 16

17. VIOLENCE
African Americans who did not follow the racial etiquette could face severe punishment or death
Between , more than 1,400 black men and women were shot, burned, or lynched
Lynching peaked in the 1880s and 90s but continued well into the 20th century

18. DISCRIMINATION IN THE NORTH
While most African Americans lived in the segregated South, many blacks had migrated to the North in hopes of better jobs & equality
However, the North had its own brand of racism as blacks got low paying jobs and lived in segregated neighborhoods

19. Plessy vs. Ferguson Strengthened the already popular Jim Crow Laws
In 1892, 30-year-old Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in a “white” section of a railroad car
Plessy was 1/8th black, but under Louisiana law, he was considered “colored” and was supposed to ride in the “colored car.”
Plessy argued that his arrest was a violation of the Constitution
Ferguson, the judge, found Plessy GUILTY of refusing the leave the “white car.”

20. Plessy vs. Ferguson:
What? Homer Plessey tried to sit in a whites-only train car
How did the Supreme Court Rule? Segregation is ok as long as the facilities are equal
“Separate But Equal” 20

21. Plessy vs. Ferguson
After an appeal, the case went to the Supreme Court, which upheld the decision (did NOT violate the 14th Amendment) and perpetuated the concept of “separate but equal.”
This enabled schools, courthouses, libraries, hotels, theaters, restaurants, public transportation, etc., to segregate “coloreds” from “whites.”

22. What parts of society were segregated?
Schools, cemeteries, courts, hospitals, mental institutions, orphanages, prisons, & Bibles to swear on in trials
Segregated Drinking Fountains 22

23. Problem: Example: Whites would never fund black schools equally
Separate But Equal is Never Equal
Example: Whites would never fund black schools equally
Goes against 14th Amendment (grants citizenship to everyone born in the U.S. and subject to its jurisdiction and protects civil and political liberties) 23

24. How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow?
Lynching - a mob puts someone to death without a trial
Between nearly 5000 blacks were lynched
Why?
“incorrect behavior”
economic competition between blacks and whites 24

25. Jim Crow & Segregation:
How did African Americans resist?
Spoke out against discrimination
Organized boycotts of segregated facilities
Tried to improve segregated facilities
Segregated School 25

26. How Did Washington and Du Bois Differ in Response to the Laws?
W.E.B. Du Bois
He accepted social segregation
Du Bois believe equality among the races could be achieved through vocational education.
He started the Tuskegee Vocational School (1881)
Booker T. Washington
He believed in total social, political, and civil rights for all African Americans.
He did not accept segregation and he wanted an end to discrimination.
He started the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)