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Platelet Rich Plasma: Emerging Role in Orthopaedic Surgery
Lucas J. Bader M.D. Orthopaedic Surgeon Fellowship Trained Foot & Ankle Surgeon
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Disclosure None
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Goals Definition of PRP Review Basic Science
Current Clinical Applications Review of the Literature Future
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Introduction Emerging field of Biologics
PRP utilized and studied since the 1970’s Origins in fields of maxillofacial and general surgery
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Definition Platelet Rich Plasma
Nonnucleated bodies in peripheral blood Autoglous blood with a concentration of platelets above a baseline value Fluid portion of blood
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Bioactive Factors Potentially enhance healing by delivery of various growth factors and cytokines α granules Dense granules
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α-Granules Cell proliferation Chemotaxis Cell differentiation
Angiogenesis Conductive Scaffold
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Platelet Derived Growth Factor
Cell replication Angiogenesis Mitogen for fibroblasts
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Angiogenesis
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Transforming Growth Factor-β1
Regulator in balance between fibrosis and myocyte regeneration
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Fibroblast Growth Factor
Proliferation of myoblasts, Angiogenesis
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Epidermal Growth Factor
Proliferation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells
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Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Angiogenesis, Mitogen for endothelial cells Antifibrotic
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Insulin-like growth factor-1
Stimulates myoblasts/fibroblasts Mediates growth/repair skeletal muscle
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Adhesive Proteins Fibrinogen Fibronectin Vitronectin “scaffold”
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Dense Granules Non-Growth Bioactive Molecules
Fundamental effect on the biologic aspects of inflammation Cell migration Conductive Matrix
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Serotonin & Histamine Increase capillary permeability
Inflammatory cell access Macrophage Activation
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Adenosine Receptor Activation
Modulates inflammation
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Advantage Normal biologic ratios vs Exogenous Factors
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Formulation of PRP Can only be made from anticoagulated blood
Cannot be made form clotted whole blood Cannot be made from serum
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Preparation 30-60 cc Drawn Add citrate to bind ionized calcium and prohibit clotting cascade
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Centrifugation Step 1 Step 2 Red blood cells Leukocytes Platelets
Platelet-Poor Portion Platelet-Rich Portion
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Activating Agents Calcium Chloride and/or Thrombin (OR)
Collagen (Office) Initiates Platelet activation Clot formation Growth Factor Release
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Growth Factor Release 70 % within 10 minutes Nearly 100% within 1 hr
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PRP Preparations Systems
Several Available Qualitative and Quantitative Variability Volume of autologous blood Centrifuge rate/time Delivery Method Activating Agent Leukocyte concentration (?) Final PRP volume Final Platelet and Growth Factor Concentration
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Safety Concerns Autologous Blood Aseptic technique
Relative Contraindications Hx of thrombocytopenia Anticoagulant therapy Active infection Tumor Metastatic Disease
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Cost $150-$180 small kits $200 large Kits Centrifuge $1800
PRP is currently considered experimental and is not reimbursed by most third party payers
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Effects of PRP on Soft Tissues & Bone- Basic Science
3 phases of healing Inflammation Proliferation Remodeling Basic Metabolic Processes Chemotaxis Angiogenesis Differentiation EC Matrix Production
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Effects PRP on Tendon Collagen gene expression
Vascular endothelial growth factor Hepatocyte growth factor Matrix Metalloproteinase Tendon strength and callus formation Cell formation and angiogenesis
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Effects PRP on Muscle IGF-1 & basic FGF improve healing and increase fast twitch and tetanus strength Accelerated satellite cell activation Increased diameter of regenerating myofibrils
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Effects PRP on Bone Stimulate Osteoblasts Stmulate Fibroblasts
Up regulate Osteoclacin Encourage differentiation of MSC into bone forming cells
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Further Study Acute injury Chronic injury Timing of injection
Effect of serial injections
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Orthopaedic Applications for PRP
Chronic Tendinopathies Bone healing Acute Ligamentous Injuries Muscle injuries Intraoperative Augmentation
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Chronic Tendinopathy Lateral/medial Epicondylitis
Achilles Tendinopathy Patellar Tendinopathy Posterior Tibial Tendinopathy Plantar Fasciitis
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Bone Healing Fracture Healing Distraction Osteogenesis Osteoarthritis
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Acute Ligamentous Injury
Knee medial collateral ligament Ankle syndesmosis Ankle lateral ligament complex
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Intraoperative Use Total Knee arthroplasty ACL reconstruction
Achilles Tendon Repair Rotator Cuff Repair Acute Articular Cartilage Repair
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Review of the literature
Numerous basic science, animal studies, and small case reports Few controlled clinical studies Majority of studies are small, anecdotal, and underpowered Non-standardized techniques
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Randomized controlled trial; Level 1 of evidence
Ongoing Positive Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma Versus Corticosteroid Injection in Lateral Epicondylitis: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial With 2-Year Follow-Up. Gosens T, Peerbooms JC, van Laar W, den Oudsten BL. Randomized controlled trial; Level 1 of evidence PRP group (n = 51) or the corticosteroid group (n = 49) PRP group was more often successfully treated than the corticosteroid group (P < .0001). Success was defined as a reduction of 25% on VAS or DASH scores without a re-intervention after 2 years.
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PRP group (n = 27) or placebo group (n = 27)
Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection for Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy A Randomized Controlled TrialRobert J. de Vos, MD; Adam Weir, MBBS; Hans T. M. van Schie, DVM, PhD; Sita M. A. Bierma-Zeinstra, PhD; Jan A. N. Verhaar, MD, PhD; Harrie Weinans, PhD; Johannes L. Tol, MD, PhD Eccentric exercises (usual care) with either a PRP injection (PRP group) or saline injection (placebo group) PRP group (n = 27) or placebo group (n = 27) The mean VISA-A score improved significantly after 24 weeks in the PRP group and in the placebo group, but the increase was not significantly different between both groups
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Sample size of 30 patients in each group
Platelet-rich Fibrin Matrix in Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Prospective, Randomized Study Stephen C Weber, MD Sacramento CA Jeffrey I Kauffman, MD Sacramento CA Sample size of 30 patients in each group Serial VAS scores were obtained, as well as SST scores at each interval. Final scores for each group included UCLA and ASES scores. Early follow-up does not show significant improvement in perioperative pain or clinical outcome.
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Prospective study of thirty patients No controls
Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Effectively Treats Chronic Achilles Tendonosis Raymond R Monto, MD Prospective study of thirty patients No controls AOFAS scores improved to 92 at 6 months. Resolution of Achilles abnormalities were seen in post treatment MRI/ultrasound studies and 28/30 were clinically satisfied with their clinical results.
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Literature Summary Greatest support in treating tendinopathy
Lateral Epicondylitis Patellar Tendinopathy Achilles Tendinopathy Plantar Fasciitis Caution with Acute Injuries Risk of Fibrosis Return to activity too early
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Future PRP promising, but not proven Appropriately powered studies
Sophisticated models of healing More precise formulations of PRP Narrower indications, but more definitive
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My Protocol Treatment of last resort prior to surgery
Indicated for chronic tendinopathies Performed under ultrasound guidance NSAIDS discontinuation 1 week prior and 2 weeks post procedure Activity modification for 7 days
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Thanks!
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