1. Volume 64, Issue 6, Pages 2020-2032 (December 2003)
Hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cultured glomerular endothelial cells: Involvement of mitochondrial pathways 
Tetsuhiro Tanaka, Toshio Miyata, Reiko Inagi, Kiyoshi Kurokawa, Stephen Adler, Toshiro Fujita, Masaomi Nangaku 
Kidney International 
Volume 64, Issue 6, Pages (December 2003)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Hypoxia induces apoptosis in glomerular endothelial cells (GENs). (A) When we exposed GENs to 0.2% O2 for 24hours (H24), 12.8%±1.1% of cells were categorized to apoptosis (P < vs. normoxic control, annexin V assay). In addition, 8hours of reoxygenation following hypoxia (H24R8) induced a more prominent number of apoptotic cells (19.8%± 0.9%, P < vs. control). Prolonged hypoxia for up to 32hours (H32) failed to induce an increase in the number of apoptotic cells (N = 3, annexin V assay). (B) The cell viability was checked by promidium iodide staining. Exposure of GENs to 24hours of hypoxia (H24) or hypoxia followed by 8hours of reoxygenation (H24R8) resulted in 38.8%± 8.3% and 47.5%± 6.6% of surviving cells, respectively. Prolonged hypoxia up to 32hours (H32) led to an equivalent number of viable cells (33.8%± 2.3%) (N = 3). (C) The representative data of the annexin V assay. The cluster of cells in the right lower quadrant was determined apoptotic. FL1 denotes annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC); FL2 denotes promidium iodide (PI). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 vs. normoxic control.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
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3. Figure 2
Morphologic changes in the nucleus and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. (A and B) In promidium iodide staining, a proportion of nuclei presented with the appearance of nuclear blebbing and chromatin condensation, consistent with the pathologic changes in apoptosis (B), while in control cells, the above changes were absent (A). (C and D) Furthermore, TUNEL staining showed the presence of nuclear breakage, a hallmark of apoptosis, in hypoxia-treated cells (D, arrowheads), whereas there was no obvious staining in control (C). Yellow staining indicates the computer-assigned designation for the colocalization of red (nucleus) and green [fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dUTP]. A magnified view of TUNEL-positive cells is shown in the lower left of (D).
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
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4. Figure 3
Changes in Bcl2 and Bax mRNA expression. Changes in mRNA expression of Bcl2 and Bax were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (A and B) The temporal profile of Bcl2 and Bax, respectively. Twenty-four hours of hypoxia (H24) reduced the Bcl2 expression to 0.45 ± 0.15 fold of the control level, (P = 0.08, not significant). Subsequent reoxygenation of 8hours (H24R8) resulted in increased expression of Bcl2 mRNA (2.0 ± 0.3 fold, P = vs. control). In contrast to Bcl2, Bax expression reached its maximum 1hour after reoxygenation (H24R1) (7.3 ± 1.2 fold, P < ), which subsided gradually. (C) The Bax/Bcl2 ratio was 2.6- and 6.7-fold at H24, H24R1, respectively, which returned to the baseline 8hours after reoxygenation. (N = 4, real-time PCR). **P < 0.01 vs. normoxic control.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
A decrease in Bcl2 protein during hypoxia, an increase and translocation of Bax after reoxygenation. The expression of Bcl2 and Bax was also examined by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Bcl2 staining is localized mainly in the perinuclear area, consistent with the mitochondrial pattern. The signal intensity decreased mildly by hypoxic treatment (A and B). Bax, on the other hand, was detected diffusely in the cytosol in normoxia, whereas the signal intensity increased 2hours after reoxygenation (H24R2). In some cells, the Bax protein changed its staining pattern from diffuse to perinuclear localization, indicating the translocalization of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria (C and D). For Bax-staining, double-staining was performed with MitoTracker to visualize the translocation from the cytosol to mitochondria. Western blotting was performed to compare the relative band intensity of Bcl2 and Bax in normoxic and hypoxic conditions (E).
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
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6. Figure 5
Immunoprecipitation of Bcl2 and Bax in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. To investigate the interaction of Bcl2 and Bax upon apoptotic stimulation, we checked the quantitative changes in Bcl2-associated Bax and vice versa by immunoprecipitation (IP). Both in control and hypoxia-treated samples, anti-Bcl2 antibody precipitated a fraction of Bax protein. However, anti-Bcl2 did not precipitate a quantitatively different amount of Bax. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation with anti-Bax antibody and subsequent immunoblotting with anti-Bcl2 antibody revealed the same result. These finding suggest that Bax does not form further heterodimers with Bcl2 during hypoxia, upon translocation. Two distinct bands at 55 and 27 kD represent IgG heavy and light chains, respectively.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
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7. Figure 6
Mitochondrial membrane potentials and Caspase-9 activity. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potentials were measured quantitatively by rhodamine-123 staining and flow cytometry. In both treatment groups of 24hours (H24) and 2hours of reoxygenation (H24R2), a decrease in rhodamine-123 uptake was observed, as compared to normoxic control (A). A merged view is also shown. The relative caspase-9 activity was measured (B). Twenty-four hours of hypoxia caused 440%± 42% of caspase-9 activity, whereas hypoxia followed by 2hours of reoxygenation resulted in 543%± 32%, which was most prominent during the course. Following reoxygenation, the elevated caspase-9 activity persisted throughout the observation period for up to 8hours (N = 3). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 vs. normoxic control.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

8. Figure 7
Bcl2 overexpression ameliorates hypoxia-associated cell injury. (A) The expression levels of Bcl2 and Bax in control and Bcl2-overexpressing clones. Stable transfectants exhibited an obviously stronger band at 26 kD (Bcl2) than control glomerular endothelial cells (GENs), while the expression level of Bax remained unaffected in normoxia. (B) The relative amount of Bcl2 and Bax mRNA in control and Bcl2-overexpressing GENs at various conditions. The amount of Bcl2 mRNA was significantly higher in overexpression clones than control GENs at any time point examined, while that of Bax seemed to be suppressed by Blc2 overexpression under hypoxic conditions [0.81 ± 0.09 fold vs ± 0.35 fold at 24hours (H24) (P = ), 1.86 ± 0.43 fold vs ± 1.25 fold at 1hour of reoxygenation (H24R1) (P = )][N = 3, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 vs. control GENs. (C) With this model, we checked the antiapoptotic effect of Bcl2 by annexin V assay. Stable clones with Bcl2 clearly demonstrated an anti-apoptotic effect both in simple hypoxia (H24) (5.9%± 1.7% vs. 12.8%± 1.1% in control, P = ) and hypoxia followed by 8hours of reoxygenation (H24R8) (6.4%± 3.5% vs. 19.8%± 0.9%, P = 0.02). (D) The cytoprotective role for Bcl2 is measured by propidium iodide staining. In both H24 and H24R8 groups, stable transfectants exhibited a consistent cytoprotective effect over control GENs. The proportion of surviving cells was 67.4%± 5.9% (vs. 38.8%± 8.3% in control GENs, P = ) at H24, 88.7%± 3.2% (vs. 47.5%± 6.6%, P = ) at H24R8, respectively (N = 3). *P<0.05; **P<0.01 vs. control GENs. (E) Changes in caspase-9 activity. Relative caspase-9 activity was markedly reduced to 246%± 36% at H24 (vs. 440%± 42% in control, P = ) and 224%± 29% at H24R2 (vs. 543%± 32%, P = ), respectively. There was no background difference between control and Bcl2 overexpression clones (N = 3).
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

9. Figure 7
Bcl2 overexpression ameliorates hypoxia-associated cell injury. (A) The expression levels of Bcl2 and Bax in control and Bcl2-overexpressing clones. Stable transfectants exhibited an obviously stronger band at 26 kD (Bcl2) than control glomerular endothelial cells (GENs), while the expression level of Bax remained unaffected in normoxia. (B) The relative amount of Bcl2 and Bax mRNA in control and Bcl2-overexpressing GENs at various conditions. The amount of Bcl2 mRNA was significantly higher in overexpression clones than control GENs at any time point examined, while that of Bax seemed to be suppressed by Blc2 overexpression under hypoxic conditions [0.81 ± 0.09 fold vs ± 0.35 fold at 24hours (H24) (P = ), 1.86 ± 0.43 fold vs ± 1.25 fold at 1hour of reoxygenation (H24R1) (P = )][N = 3, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 vs. control GENs. (C) With this model, we checked the antiapoptotic effect of Bcl2 by annexin V assay. Stable clones with Bcl2 clearly demonstrated an anti-apoptotic effect both in simple hypoxia (H24) (5.9%± 1.7% vs. 12.8%± 1.1% in control, P = ) and hypoxia followed by 8hours of reoxygenation (H24R8) (6.4%± 3.5% vs. 19.8%± 0.9%, P = 0.02). (D) The cytoprotective role for Bcl2 is measured by propidium iodide staining. In both H24 and H24R8 groups, stable transfectants exhibited a consistent cytoprotective effect over control GENs. The proportion of surviving cells was 67.4%± 5.9% (vs. 38.8%± 8.3% in control GENs, P = ) at H24, 88.7%± 3.2% (vs. 47.5%± 6.6%, P = ) at H24R8, respectively (N = 3). *P<0.05; **P<0.01 vs. control GENs. (E) Changes in caspase-9 activity. Relative caspase-9 activity was markedly reduced to 246%± 36% at H24 (vs. 440%± 42% in control, P = ) and 224%± 29% at H24R2 (vs. 543%± 32%, P = ), respectively. There was no background difference between control and Bcl2 overexpression clones (N = 3).
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

10. Figure 8
Effects of Bax antisense treatment on hypoxia-induced glomerular endothelial cell (GEN) death. To address the role of Bax, we treated GENs with antisense oligonucleotide (ODN). (A) The band of Bax is obviously weaker in the antisense oligonucleotide-treated group, as compared to control and sense oligonucleotide groups, indicating the effective suppression of Bax by this method [semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 26 cycles]. (B) The percentage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released outside the cells. An obvious decrease in LDH release was observed in the antisense oligonucleotide group, both at 24hours (H24) and after 8hours of reoxygenation (H24R8), as compared with control and sense oligonucleotid groups. These findings clearly demonstrate the significance of Bax in hypoxia-mediated GEN injury (LDH release assay, representative data are shown out of three independent experiments) (N = 8). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions