1. Mutations https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/mutation/
Good intro video

2. What Are Mutations? Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring

3. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?
Mutations happen regularly
Almost all mutations are neutral
Many mutations are repaired by enzymes
CAUSES
Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations

4. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?
Skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations
Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)
They lead to new versions of proteins that help organismsadapt to changes in their environment

5. Types of Mutations

6. Chromosome Mutations May Involve:
Changing the structure of a chromosome
The loss or gain of part of a chromosome

7. Chromosome Mutations Five types: Deletion Inversion Translocation
Nondisjunction
Duplication

8. Deletion
Due to breakage
A piece of a chromosome is lost

9. Inversion Chromosome segment breaks off Segment flips around backwards
Segment reattaches

10. Duplication
Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated

11. Translocation Two chromosomes that aren’t homologous
Part of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome

12. Nondisjunction Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
Causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes

13. Gene Mutations Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
May only involve a single nucleotide
May be due to copying errors, chemicals or viruses.

14. Types of Gene Mutations
Include:
Point Mutations
Substitutions
Insertions
Deletions
Frameshift

15. Point Mutation Change of a single nucleotide
Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene

16. Point Mutation
Sickle Cell disease - result of one nucleotide substitution
Occurs in the hemoglobin gene

17. Frameshift Mutation Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides
Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence
Proteins built incorrectly

18. Frameshift Mutation
Original:
The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Frame Shift (“a” added):
The fat caa tet hew eer at.

19. Amino Acid Sequence Changed

20. Gene Mutation Animation

21. Silent Mutation Caused by point mutations
Have no effect because they code for same amino acid as original DNA

22. Nonsense Mutation Caused by point mutations
Causes a “stop” where there should not be one

23. Missense Mutation Caused by point mutations
Results in a different amino acid to be placed in the protein

25.
Genetics & mutation animation
Benzopyrene-pollutant-result of incomplete combustion of organic matter
PCR-Polymerase Chain Reaction-molecular copying-inexpensive way of copying DNA
3 types chromosomal mutation-duplication-inversion-deletion
3 types point mutations-substitution-insertion-deletion