1. Intro to Animalia

2. Introduction
Organisms in the kingdom Animalia are first divided on whether they have a backbone or not.
Invertebrates are animals that DO NOT have a backbone.
Vertebrates have a backbone.

3. Skeletal System
Exoskeleton: A type of skeleton that surrounds tissue and is made of Chitin. (external)
Endoskeleton: a type of skeleton that is surrounded by tissue. (internal)
hydrostatic skeleton -A fluid filled cavity.
Jellyfish, squid and octopi

4. Digestive system
The digestive system- involved in chewing and digesting feed.
Gastrovascular cavity: Food in- waste out

5. Nervous System Can be either simple or complex
The nervous system is used to carry messages throughout the body.
Made of specialized nerve cells.
Cephalization- the sensory organs are in the head region.
(simple) (complex)

6. Respiratory System
An animals respiratory system is used to exchange O₂ and CO₂.
They will either have lungs or gills.

7. Circulatory System
Main goal is to transport gases and nutrients throughout the blood stream.
Open circulatory system – There are no blood vessels and the blood runs freely across tissues.
Closed circulatory system- Contains blood vessels in which blood is enclosed.

8. Reproductive System Either asexual or sexual.
Dioecious – one sex or the other
Hermaphrodite- having sex organs of both gender
Budding- involves only one parent where offspring grow off of the parent.

9. Body Plans Levels of organization
cells- tissues- organs- organ system- organism
Tissues- are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
Organs- are groups of similar tissues working together to perform a specific function.
Organ system- similar organs working together to perform a certain function.

10. Symmetry There are 3 kinds of symmetry:
Radial symmetry- Divided by top and bottom.
Bilateral symmetry- Divided into mirror images; left and right.
Asymmetry- Cannot be divided into similar pieces.

11. Body Plans 1. Acoelomate- no cavity exists. *(planaria)
2.  Pseudocoelomate- A cavity exists, but it is not around the gut.  *(roundworm)
3.  Coelomate- the cavity is lined both on the inside of the body wall and around the gut. *(earthworm)
*when this characteristic begins

12. Body Plans Segmentation is a series of repeating units in the body.
Jointed Appendages- Allows them to perform complex movement.

13. Invertebrates

14. Phylum Porifera Sponges. They do not have organs.
They can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Adult sponges are sessile; meaning they DO NOT move.
Larval sponges are motile; meaning they DO move.

15. Phylum Cnidaria Jellies, sea anemones and corals.
Jellies contain special cells called nematocysts that are used for defense and obtaining food.
Reproduce sexually.

16. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms.
Can reproduce asexually and sexually.
Flatworms are hermaphroditic they have both male and female reproductive organs.
Flukes can lay eggs in the body can cause irritation and scar tissue.

17. Phylum Nematoda These are roundworms.
Roundworms can live anywhere and are dioecious-they have either male or female sexual organism, but not both.
Trichinella can cause trichinosis.

18. Phylum Annelida Earthworms.
Their waste is called castings which provide nourishment to the soil.
Hermaphrodites.
Body made of sections.

19. Phylum Mollusca Clams, Oysters, squid, octopus and snails.
They have soft bodies, and some have shells
Reproduce by gametes.

20. Phylum Echinodermata Sea Stars and Sea Urchins
Reproduce sexually and are capable of regeneration.
Can turn its stomach inside out.

21. Phylum Arthropoda Crustaceans, arachnids and insects
These animals have a hard outer covering called an exoskeleton.
They are divided into 3 classes:
Crustacean
Arachnida
Insecta

22. Class Crustacean Mostly live in saltwater.
Reproduce sexually and hold their eggs on the underside of the body until they are ready to hatch.

23. Class Arachnida
Most live on land; Some have poison glands that can kill or maim their prey.
Reproduce sexually and lay eggs.

24. Class Insecta Most abundant of all the animals.
Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly.
Life cycle consists of Complete or Incomplete metamorphosis.

25. Metamorphosis - a series of stages on insect development.
Incomplete metamorphosis:
Egg- Nymph- Adult
Complete metamorphosis:
Egg- Larva- Pupa- Adult

26. Vertebrates

27. Key features of Vertebrates
Notochord- a firm flexible rod that provides support and stability.
Gill slits- openings used for breathing.
Endoskeleton- internal skeleton that can be made of bone, cartilage or both.
All vertebrates are in the phylum Chordata

28. Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Sharks, flounder, bass, catfish etc.
Fish are Ectothermic- cold-blooded; body temperature is not constant.
Lateral Line- sensory organ that detects movement and pressure changes.
Air bladder- air filled sack inside of the fish that helps in movement.
Fish can use external and internal fertilization.

29. External vs. Internal Fertilization
External Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized outside of the body.
Internal Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized inside of the body.

30. Class Amphibia Frogs, toads, and salamanders.
Smooth, moist skin covered in mucus.
Ectothermic.
Lay eggs in water.

31. Class Reptilia Lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles.
Dry scaly skin and are ectothermic.
They lay amniotic eggs- egg that has its own water.

32. Class Aves (Birds) Can fly.
Keel- A chest bone that allows for more surface area for flight muscles.
Endothermic- warm blooded.
Use internal fertilization.

33. Class Mammalia Complex Brain Endothermic- warm blooded
Produce milk with mammary glands.
Sweat glands to regulate body temperature.
Sebaceous glands
release oil to grease the skin.
Class Mammalia
Placenta- in uterus to remove gases and waste from embryo.

34. Animal Behavior

35. Ethology- study of animal behavior.
Behavior- Action performed in response to a stimulus
Two types of behavior
Innate behavior
Learned behavior.

36. Stimulus Stimulus- something that provokes a response.
Internal Stimulus- something inside the animal.
Hunger, fatigue etc...
External Stimulus- something outside the animal.
Another animal, sight, sound, touch etc…
Hungry

37. Innate Behavior Innate Behaviors- behaviors that are inherited.
Examples-
Territorial behavior
Protective behavior
Courting behavior
Hibernation
Migration

38. Territorial and Courting
Territorial behavior- ensures space and resources for reproduction.
Courting Behavior- makes sure good genes are being passed along.
Protective Behavior- guarding young and food.

39. Hibernation and Migration
Hibernation- a period of dormancy in cold temperatures.
Bears
Estivation- a period of dormancy in hot temperatures.
Lungfish
Migration- moving to new locations.
Video on elk migration

40. Nocturnal- active during the night.
Diurnal- active during the day.
Fight or Flight

41. Learned Behavior
Learned Behavior is a result of an animals experience.
Baby learning to walk and talk.
Training a dog to sit and stay.

42. Different Animal behaviors
LyreBirds
Spider tailed horned viper