1. LOCOMOTION

2. LOCOMOTION
Is the ability of an organism to move from place to place

3. Sessile – organism tends to remain attached to one place

4. Motile- ability to move from place to place

5. ENDOSKELETON
Some organisms have an endoskeleton which is located on the inside of the organism and is made of bone and or cartilage
Example : humans, dogs, monkeys

6. EXOSKELETON
Some organisms have an exoskeleton which is located outside of the organism
Example: grasshopper has an exoskeleton made of chitin

7. ADVANTAGES OF LOCOMOTION
Increases chances of finding food

8. Increases chances of escaping enemies

9. Increases chances or finding shelter

10. Increases chances of finding a mate

11. Increases chances of overall survival

12. ADAPTATIONS OF LOCOMOTION
Protists may have cilia which are short hair like structures,.

13. flagella which are long whip like tails

14. Or pseudopods which are temporary projections of cytoplasm

15. Adaptations
Earthworms move by the action of muscles and setae which are bristle like projections.

16. ADAPTATIONS
Grasshoppers have an exoskeleton made of chitin, jointed appendages and muscles for movement.

17. HYDRA
Hydra are mostly sessile but at times they glide on their base or somersault.

18. Human locomotion includes the interaction of bones, cartilage, muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves

19. BONES
Bones are made of living cells surrounded by a non-living substance that is secreted by bone cells
Bone cells are called osteocytes

20. FUNCTION OF BONES Support and protect body structures
Place for muscle attachment
Act as levers to produce body movements
Produce blood cells in the marrow

21. CARTILAGE Flexible, fibrous and elastic tissue
The human embryo is made of cartilage which is replaced by bone

22. FUNCTION OF CARTILAGE Allows flexibility of the joints
Cushions against impact or pressure
Supports structures but allows bending ( ears, nose, trachea)

23. MUSCLE
Tissue made of cells that have the ability to contract

24. TYPES OF MUSCLES SKELETAL
Has a striated (striped) appearance
Is under conscious control
It is used to make voluntary movement
Examples: legs, arms, fingers

25. SMOOTH MUSCLE Does not have striations
Is involuntary – is not under conscious control
Examples: digestive system, diaphragm, blood vessels

26. CARDIAC MUSCLE
Found only in the heart
Has striations
Involuntary

27. TENDONS
Tough, inelastic connective tissue
Connects muscles to bones

28. LIGAMENTS
Tough elastic connective tissue
They connect bone to bone

29. Malfunctions of Muscular and Skeletal System

30. ARTHRITIS
Swelling of the joints of the body , causing pain

31. SCOLIOSIS
Abnormal curvature of the spine

32. GOUT
Disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals at the ends of bones causing swelling and pain

33. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Genetic disorder that caused the deterioration of muscle tissue

34. FRACTURE Break in the bone
Compound fracture- broken bone pushed through the skin

35. SPRAIN
Stretched or torn ligaments

36. OSTEOPOROSIS
Thinning of the bones which break easily

37. TENDONITIS
Inflammation of the tendon