1. Crisis and Absolutism in Europe
Chapter 14

2. Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion
14.1

3. The French Wars of Religion
Calvinism verses Catholicism
Main cause of Europe’s religious wars

4. French Wars of Religion
French Civil War
Huguenots
Protestants (Calvinists)
Small % of population – mostly nobles
Catholic
Monarchy and most of the population
Ultra-Catholics
Henry of Navarre – leader of the Huguenots
Henry the IV
Converted
Edict of Nantes

5. Philip II and Militant Catholicism
Philip II of Spain
Strict adherence to Catholicism
Tried to crush Calvinism
Bankrupted country
Power shifted to England

6. The England of Elizabeth
Resolved religious conflicts
Moderate Protestantism
Moderate in foreign affairs
Tried to balance power between Spain and France
Philip wanted to return England to Protestant
Spanish Armada

7. Social Crises, War and Revolution
14.2

8. Economic and Social Crises
Inflation
Economic slow down
Decline in population
Warfare, plague and famine

9. The Witchcraft Trials Belief in witchcraft not new
More than 100,000 people were charged
More than 75% were women
Accused were tortured and usually confessed
Lessened by 1650

10. The Thirty Years’ War Last of the religious wars
Holy Roman Emperors and Protestant nobles
All major European countries besides England
Struggle over European leadership
France verses Spain and Holy Roman Empire
Destroyed Germany

11. RESULTS France won German states could choose religion
Holy Roman Empire died
Most destructive European war
Flintlock Muskets
Standing armies

12. Revolutions in England
Elizabeth I to James I to Charles I
Divine right of kings verses Parliament
Puritans
Many left for America
Civil War
Cavaliers verses Roundheads
Oliver Cromwell
Purged Parliament and executed Charles I
Monarchy to Commonwealth

13. James II Catholic Glorious Revolution William and Mary
Constitutional monarchy
Toleration Act of 1689

14. Response to Crisis: Absolutism
14.3

15. France under Louis XIV Absolutism Versailles Anti-Huguenot
Wanted to dominate Europe
Died full of debt and with many enemies

16. Russia under Peter the Great
Ivan the Terrible
Time of Troubles
Romanov dynasty
Czar Peter the Great
Europeanize Russia

17. The World of European Culture
14.4

18. Mannerism Replaced Renaissance No more balance, harmony, or proportion
Elongated figures, suffering, emotion, religious ecstasy

19. The Baroque Period Replaced Mannerism
Combine Renaissance ideals with spiritual feelings
Arouse emotions
Search for power

20. A Golden Age of Literature
Literature flourished in England and Spain
Elizabethan theater
William Shakespeare
Spain
Don Quixote

21. Political Thought Order and Power John Locke natural rights
Mutual obligations between people and government
American and French revolutions