1. Water UndergrounD January 8, 2015 Good Day, Students!
1) Please go through this Power Point and follow the directions on it.
2) Your test is on Thursday, January 15th. Please prepare for it by studying vocabulary, studying your study guide (reciprocal learning), and by reviewing your notes.
3) Tonight’s homework: The second vocabulary match up sheet. Please get one from me if you did not pick one up when you came in.
4) Remember to post your eggstimate on when the Berry Bald Eagle egg will hatch! See my Edmodo post from yesterday. 
Thanks for working diligently and quietly in the Media Center today!
TAG Earth Science
Ms. Vegners

2. Water Underground 11-3
As you go through this Power Point, answer the questions that were provided to you. Some of the slides will require you to go to other websites for information.
Please use this Power Point to help you study. It is filled with wonderful information!
At the end, there are some additional resources you can look at if you finish your work early.

3. What You Will Learn Today:
Identify and describe the location of the water table.
Describe an aquifer
Explain the difference between a spring and a well.
Explain how caves and sinkholes form as a result of erosion and deposition.

4. Groundwater
Although you can see some of Earth’s water in streams and lakes, you cannot see the large amount of water that flows underground. The water located within the rocks below the Earth’s surface is called groundwater.
Surface water seeps underground into the soil and rock. This underground area is divided into two zones. (Click link below and read.)

6. Aquifer
A rock layer that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater is called an aquifer.

7. Here is another picture for you to study. 

8. Porosity
The more open spaces, or pores, between particles in an aquifer, the more water the aquifer can hold. The percentage of open space between individual rock particles in a rock layer is called porosity.

9. Read this carefully. 
If a rock layer contains many particles of different sizes, it is likely that small particles will fill up the different-sized empty spaces between large particles.
Therefore, a rock layer with particles of different sizes has a low percentage of open space between particles and has low porosity.
On the other hand, a rock layer containing same-sized particles has high porosity. This rock layer has high porosity because smaller particles are not present to fill the empty space between particles. So, there is more open space between particles.
See next slide for pictures.

10. This rock layer has particles of the same size. Lots of pore space
This rock layer has particles of the same size. Lots of pore space. High porosity.
This rock layer has particles of different sizes. Less pore space. Low porosity.

11. Permeability Permeability
If the pores of a rock layer are connected, groundwater can flow through the rock layer. A rock’s ability to let water pass through is called permeability. A rock that stops the flow of water is called impermeable.
Permeability

12. The Difference between porosity & permeability

13. Animations of Permeability
Click on the link below to see good comparisons of porosity vs. permeability. Stop after the “Permeability” slide.

14. Aquifer Geology and Geography
The best aquifers usually form in permeable materials, such as sandstone, limestone, or layers of sand and gravel. Some aquifers cover large underground areas and are an important source of water for cities and agriculture. Click on the link below to see a real time update of the major aquifers of the United States. Notice the largest aquifer area of the US- The Ogallala Aquifer, part of the High Plains Aquifer System, is a vast yet shallow underground aquifer located beneath the Great Plains in the United States.

15. Recharge Zones
Like rivers, aquifers depend on the water cycle to maintain a constant flow of water. The ground surface where water enters an aquifer is called the recharge zone.
The size of the recharge zone depends on how permeable the rock is at the surface. If there is an impermeable rock layer, water will not be able to reach the aquifer. (Construction, parking lots, and buildings affect this, too.)

16. Artesian Springs
A sloping layer of permeable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock is called an artesian formation.
The permeable rock is an aquifer, and the top layer of impermeable rock is called a cap rock. Artesian formations are the source of water for artesian springs.
An artesian spring is a spring whose water flows from a crack in the cap rock of the aquifer.

17. Artesian Spring Picture
Notice that the top impermeable rock is called the “Cap Rock”.

18. Wells
A human-made hole that is deeper than the level of the water table is called a well. If a well is not deep enough, it will dry up when the water table falls below the bottom of the well.
Also, if an area has too many wells, groundwater can be removed too rapidly. If groundwater is removed too rapidly, the water table will drop, and all of the wells will run dry.
Click on the link below for pictures and information about wells.

19. Cave Features
As you have learned, rivers cause erosion when water removes and transports rock and soil from its banks. Groundwater can also cause erosion by dissolving rock.
Some groundwater contains weak acids, such as carbonic acid, that dissolve the rock.
Also, some types of rock, such as limestone, dissolve in groundwater more easily than other types do. When underground erosion happens, caves can form.
Most of the world’s caves formed over thousands of years as groundwater dissolved the limestone of the cave sites.

20. Cave Features
These are the features you are responsible for knowing. Click on them for facts.
Stalagmites
Stalactites
Dripstone column (listed on picture as just a “column”)

21. Sinkholes
Read the web page below about sinkholes. Take notes on the important details. (What are sinkholes and how do they form? Does Georgia have sinkholes?)

22. Good Website about Groundwater
Cool “Virtual Cave” website about other cave formations and features. 

23. Pictures of Groundwater Terms
This next section of this Power Point is a collection of images to help you further understand your vocabulary terms. There is no writing you need to do for it. Just study the pictures and notice the illustrations of the important terms we have studied.

24. Aquifer: a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.

25. Terms: zone of saturation, zone of aeration, and water table
Surface water seeps underground into the soil and rock. This underground area is divided into 2 zones:
Zone of aeration: the upper zone. (spaces between rock particles are filled with air)
Zone of saturation: Spaces in between the rock particles are filled with water.
These two zones meet at a boundary known as the water table.

26. .
Recharge zone: the ground surface where water enters an aquifer (aquifer= a rock layer that stores groundwater and allows the flow of water).

27. Notice the following terms: percolation, water table, runoff, and transpiration. Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is a part of the water cycle, and it is the loss of water vapor from parts of plants (similar to sweating), especially in leaves but also in stems, flowers and roots.

28. Brainpop www.brainpop.com User name: webbbridge Password: wbms
Videos over this chapter:
Groundwater
Water supply
Water pollution
Water cycle

29. Play the Quizlets 
Chapter Review Quizlet (Some of the games may not work well on this since it is more of a question/answer format rather than a term/definition format)
Brecken’s Quizlet for 11-1 and 11-2
Derek’s Quizlet for nd 11-4

30. Additional resources
A good website from a high school science curriculum: