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Taxonomy: Science of naming organisms and assigning them into groups of related organisms called taxa (plural of taxon)
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Early Systems of Classification
Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity 17.1 The History of Classification Early Systems of Classification More than 2000 years ago, Aristotle developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification. Aristotle classified organisms as either animals or plants.
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Binomial Nomenclature: Naming system used in taxonomy developed by Carolus Linnaeus in 1700’s
Linnaeus as a young man ready to do battle with confusion in the area of naming organisms
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Genus: Small group of related organisms (noun)
Species: Specific to one organism. Description of some important characteristic Ex. Homo sapiens Homo in latin means man (in Greek means same) sapien means wise Ex. Acer rubrum Acer = maple rubrum = red
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17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity 17.1 The History of Classification When writing a scientific name, scientists use these rules: The first letter of the genus name always is capitalized, but the rest of the genus name and all letters of the specific epithet are lowercase. If a scientific name is written in a printed book or magazine, it should be italicized. When a scientific name is written by hand, both parts of the name should be underlined. After the scientific name has been written completely, the genus name will be abbreviated to the first letter in later appearances (e.g., C. cardinalis).
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Each category is contained within another, and they
Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity 17.1 The History of Classification Taxonomic Categories The taxonomic categories used by scientists are part of a nested-hierarchal system. Each category is contained within another, and they are arranged from broadest to most specific.
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Taxonomic Classification System
Ex House Cat D: Eukarya K: Animal P: Chordata/ Vertebrate C: Mammalia O: Carnivora F: Felidae G: Felis S: domesticus Most inclusive Domain Least inclusive
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3 Domain Model of Taxonomy:
Protists Fungi Plants Animals “regular” prokaryotes Prokaryotes from extreme environments
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6 Kingdom Model of Taxonomy
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3 Domain / 4 Kingdom hybrid Model
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Eubacteria -Single celled -Cell walls -No nucleus
-No organelles (except ribo) -Live everywhere
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Archaea -Single celled -Cell walls -No nucleus
-No organelles (except ribo) -Live in unusual environments (hot, salty, No oxygen) = “Extremophiles”
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Protists -Eukaryotes -Single cellular (mostly –some exceptions)
-“Catch all” category…if it doesn’t fit elsewhere put it here -Three groups: fungus like, plant like, animal like Origin of animals, plants, fungi thought to be from protists
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Fungi -Multicellular -Eukaryotic -Cell walls (chitin)
-Heterotrophic (must eat things for food) -More closely related to animals than to plants
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Plants -Multicellular -Eukaryotic -Cell walls (cellulose)
-Autotrophic (make food thru photosynth)
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Animals -Multicellular -Eukaryotic -No cell walls -Heterotrophic
-Have ability to move at some point in life cycle
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Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity 17.3 Domains and Kingdoms
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K: Anamalia G: Cliona P: Porifera S: celata C: Demospongiae O: Hadromerida F: Clionidae
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