1. Academic Debate and Critical Thinking
University of Salahaddin
Department of Architecture
1st Stage
15th-Jan-2018
Citation and Referencing
Lecture 6
BY:
HAWNAZ MAGID
MSc. of Housing - USM

2. Todays Lecture objectives
What is citation
Referencing
Referencing styles
Referencing components
Using Hevard Style for citation and referencing
Report Submission date
Quiz

3. WHAT IS A CITATION?
When you use another person’s work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas, or by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work. This acknowledgement is called a citation.
When you are using the Harvard style, your citation should include:
1. The author or editor of the cited work
2. The year of publication of the cited work

4. What Is Referencing
Referencing is a standardised method of formatting the information sources you have used in your assignments or written work. Any given referencing style serves two purposes:
acknowledges the source
allows the reader to trace the source.

5. Why is it important? Referencing...
your arguments will be clearly supported by evidence.
you can use your own sources for further research in the future.
Helps the reader to find the original source if they wish.
Improves your writing skills
Adds authenticity to your argument.
Shows that you have read widely.
Authenticity, asala

6. Material which you must acknowledge includes but is not limited to:
exact words (written or spoken)
data
images (graph, tables, video, multimedia etc)
Pictures
ideas or concepts
theories
opinion or analysis
designs, drawings or plans

7. In general, common knowledge or facts widely available in a number of sources do not need to be acknowledged; however, what constitutes common knowledge and facts varies across subject areas.
Constitutes pekdahene

8. Referencing styles There are several different styles of referencing:
APA
MLA
Harvard
Oxford
Chicago
Each style has its own rules for properly citing sources.
Author-date styles (e.g. APA, MLA, and Harvard) put the author's name inside the text of the assignment
Documentary-note styles (e.g. Chicago and Oxford) put the author's name in a footnote at the bottom of each page, or in an endnote at the end of the assignment

9. We are using…..
At Salahaddin University- Erbil, you are required to use the Harvard referencing system.
Harvard referencing:
It is an author-date referencing style

10. Harvard style
•Harvard came originally from "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation" published by the Harvard Law Review Association
(The Harvard Law Review is a law review published by an independent student group at Harvard Law School.)
•Harvard citation style – All examples •

11. Referencing Component
There are two component of referencing
1.In-text citations in your paper
2.The reference list at the end of your paper

12. In-text citations
In-text citation of a book (the same format applies for a journal article):Note that there is no punctuation between the author's surname and the year of publication.

13. The reference list
All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end of your document. Reference list entries contain all the information that someone needs to follow up your source.

14. If you got your book from internet:

15. HOW DO I WRITE CITATIONS USING THE HARVARD STYLE?
Citing one author
A recent study investigated the effectiveness of using Google Scholar to find medical research (Henderson, 2005). or
Henderson (2005) has investigated the effectiveness of Google Scholar in finding medical research.
Citing two or three authors
Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing (Arrami & Garner, 2008).
Evidence shows that providing virtual laboratory exercises as well as practical laboratory experience enhances
the learning process (Barros, Read & Verdejo, 2008).

16. Citing four or more authors
Social acceptance of carbon capture and storage is necessary for the introduction of technologies (van Alphen et al, 2007).
Citing works by the same author written in the same year(edited books)
facts and research is inaccurate (Goldacre, 2008a; Goldacre, 2008b).
Citing from chapters written by different authors
Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such a book, the author who wrote
the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.

17. Citing a direct quotation
If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., is used you must:
Simons, Menzies and Matthews (2001) state that the principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and understood by many practicing engineers’ (p.4).
Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/photograph/figure/picture
In-text citation:
Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources
(Pears and Shields, 2008:p.22). or
‘Geological map of the easternmost region of São Nicolau’ (Ramalho et al, 2010:p.532).

18. Citing from multimedia works
your citation should use the title that you identify as the author.
Citing from an interview or personal communication
Always use the surname of the interviewee/practitioner as the author.

19. Online Harvard Referencing

20. Submissions and deadlines
First Draft Monday 22/01/2018 (10:30Am)
Final Report Submission Monday 05/02/2018 (10:30Am)
Format and Hand-in
Report draft about ( words)
Using Microsoft Word for your writing
Font style: Times New Roman
Font size: 12
Spacing: 1.5
Footer( page number)
Add list of (content, table and figure) in the beginning and list of references at the end
Attach a cover page which includes your full name, stage and group, tutor’s name, assignment title and the date.
Put the report in plastic folder
Send the Soft Copy via within the same date.

21. Quiz What is the structure of a report? Appendix (Appendices) is ……………
Other details that you may include in the Title page could be ……., the …. and ……the report is written.
The contents page should list the …………….and/or ……….with the …………….
The ………….. and the ………… are key elements in the structure of report.

22. Table of content(List of figures, List of tables) Introduction Methods
Title page
Abstract (sometimes)
Table of content(List of figures, List of tables)
Introduction
Methods
Literature review (similar examples)
Finding (analysis)
Discussion
Conclusion or summary
References
Appendices 2-
supporting information
Other details you may include could be your name, the date and for whom the report is written. 
The contents page should list the different chapters and/or headings together with the page numbers.
The introduction and the conclusion are key elements in the structure of your report.