1. Mutations are changes in the genetic information of a DNA sequence.
Genetic Mutations
Mutations are changes in the genetic information of a DNA sequence.

2. Genetic Mutations: Why are there mutations? Mutations can:
Permanent change in a cell’s DNA
Why are there mutations?
Mutations occur when there are problems with transcription and translation
Mutations can:
Cause death in the fetus, child, or adult
Cause problems in the child or adult without death
Cause no harmful effects at all

3. Two Types:
Point Mutations: occur at one particular nucleotide in the DNA sequence
Frameshift Mutations: the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases
Causes the entire sequence to be shifted after the mutation

4. Gene Substitutions:
The grouping of the codons remains the same, but there is a substitution in one of the base pairs.
Example:
DNA: TAC GCA TGG
mRNA: AUG CGU ACC
Amino Acid: Met Arg Thr
SUBSTITUTION
DNA: TAC GTA TGG
mRNA: AUG CAU ACC
Amino Acid: Met His Thr

5. Chromosomal Mutations:
These mutations can cause:
Change in chromosome number
Change in structure of chromosome
Change the location of genes on the chromosome
Change the number of copies of a gene

6. Chromosomal Mutations
Four main types:
1. Deletion-
ABC•DEF AC•DEF
2. Duplication-
ABC•DEF ABBC•DEF
3. Inversion-
ABC•DEF AED•CBF
4. Translocation-
AB•CD + EF•GH AB•GH + EF•CD