1. DoppStein Enterprises
Hydrogen Generation via Water Electrolysis Using Highly Efficient Nanometal Electrodes
March 22, 2007
Robert B. Dopp
President
DoppStein Enterprises

2. Agenda
Introduction
Mathematical Background and Targets
Hydrogen Generation Theory
The Nano-effect on Hydrogen Generation
A Better Way to Build a Generator
Next Step for DSE/QSI
Conclusions

3. Introducing Robert Dopp
DoppStein Enterprises, Inc.
Is Collaborating with QuantumSphere, Inc.
To develop a very high rate Hydrogen Generator
using QSI-Nano® Catalyst and novel designs.
For More Details, Visit Websites:

4. Nano Surface Area Effect
As Particles Get Smaller
Surface Area per Gram Increases
Surface Area per View Area is Unchanged
Percent of Surface Atoms Increases
Micron & Nano Mix Increases Area/View

5. Surface Atoms
<-- Higher Surface Energy

6. Surface Area Effect 15

7. Electrolysis Block Diagram
2H2O + 2e- --> H2 + 2OH OH- --> 1/2 O2 + H2O + 2e-

8. Water Electrolysis for H2 Production
Energy in Hydrogen (Use HHV Values)
BTU H2= (A* Hr * k * H2gmw) * BTU/gH2
BTU in H2 = AHr * 5.058
Energy to Make Hydrogen
BTU Used = (Amps * Cell V * Hrs)*(BTU/WHr)
BTU Used = WHr * 3.413

9. Water Electrolysis for H2 production
Efficiency = BTU in H2 / BTU Used to Make H2
Efficiency = / Cell Voltage
Volume of H2 as Gallon of Gas Equivalent (gge)
gge --> kg H2 --> 125,000 BTU H2
Production Rate as gge/m2/hr = A/cm2 * 0.405

10. Efficiency as a Function of Voltage

11. Cost of Hydrogen at 85% Efficiency

12. Current vs. Rate

13. Preparation of Pellets
Compressed mixture of micron and QSI-Nano® Catalyst powders to make a 2D pellet
QSI-Nano® Electrodes
Magnified View Of High Surface Area Porous QSI-Nano® Electrodes

14. Polarization Curve from Pellet Experiments

15. Hydrogen Production Rate from Pellets
nano Effect

16. Hydrogen Production Rate from Pellets
Triple nano
Effect
nano Effect

17. QSI-Nano® Catalyst Effect Demonstrated
Design Concerns
QSI-Nano® Catalyst Effect Demonstrated
however . . .
Nano Catalyst Escapes from Pellet
Outgoing Hydrogen masks ions requiring electrolyte circulation

18. Imagine…Stingray Settling into Bottom Silt

19. “Stingray Generator” with a 3D Reaction Zone
Revolutionary, Paradigm changing

20. Linear Polarization Curve
Developing a Fluidized Bed

21. Hydrogen Production Rate from Pellets
Triple nano
Effect
nano Effect

22. Hydrogen Production Rate from Pellets
Patented 3D, Fluidized Bed Design

23. Next set of experiments
Next Steps
Next set of experiments
KOH Concentration
Pressure
Temperature
Different QSI-Nano® Catalysts
Separator
Ionic Diffusion Resistance Improvement
Thermal Stability Improvement
Build Working 36 in2 (232 cm2) Model

24. The Future Will be Interesting
Conclusions
Nano Effect Demonstrated
Superior Design Demonstrated
Efficiencies & Rate at a Practical Level
Easily Scalable to Large Design
How Big Could This Be? We Don’t Know, but…
The Future Will be Interesting

25. My Thanks to QuantumSphere, Inc. for Funding This Research
Appreciation
My Thanks to QuantumSphere, Inc.
for Funding This Research
(714) 545-NANO (6266)
DoppStein Enterprises, Inc.