1. Newcastle disease; an old disease with new features
EVPA Conference 2017
Newcastle disease; an old disease with new features
Kang-Seuk Choi
/OIE expert
OIE Reference laboratory for Newcastle Disease
Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Korea

2. Definition OIE definition of Newcastle disease (ND) :
Infection of poultry by a virus of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) that meets one of the following criteria for virulence;
An intracerebral pathogenicity index of > 0.7
Molecular Basis of F cleavage site
Multiple basic amino acids at C-terminus of F2
Phenylalanine (F) at residue 117 of F protein
(a) Biological pathotyping
(b) Molecular biological pathotyping

3. Newcastle disease as food security
(Miller et al., Infec Genet Evol, 2015)

4. What is the problem?

5. (1) Bio-security failures
Transmission Mode

6. (2) No vaccination
NDV epidemic event during 1980s in Korea (especially broilers)

7. (3) Suboptimal protective immunity
(For young chicks)
Immunity gap

8. (3) Suboptimal protective immunity
(For egg-laying hens)
Inappropriate vaccine program
Short-term vaccine immunity
Poor quality of vaccine used
Flock HI titers in commercial layer flocks (n=60)
Immunity and Egg drop Protection
Challenged with virulent VII NDV (Kr-005 strain,106ELD50)
Protection
Egg drop
Mortality
(Unpublished data)

9. (4) Immune suppression
The effect of IBDV infection on NDV protective efficacy
In commercial broilers (32 days old) with B1 vaccination (2 weeks old) or B1 vaccination/subsequent IBD infection
(Kim & Song, 1992)

10. Definition
A highly contagious and fatal viral disease that primarily affects birds particularly domestic chickens (up to 100% mortality)

11. Newcastle Disease Virus
Family Paramyxoviridae
Genus Avulavirus
Species Avian avulavirus type 1
Avian paramyxovirus type 1(APMV-1)
Pleomorphic (100 to 500nm in diameter)
Broad host range
Single serotype

12. Genotype East Africa 2 class >19 genotypes Class II Class I
Late genotype: after 1960s
Genotypes V, VI, VII, VIII, XI
Genome size: 15,192nt
Class II
(>18 genotypes)
Early genotype: before 1960s
Genotypes I, II, III, IV, IX,
Genome size: 15,186nt
Class I
Class I
Genome size: 15,198nt
(1 genotype)
Dimitrov et al., Infection, Genetics and Evolution (2016)

13. Recent distribution of Class II NDV genotypes
(Late genotypes) Since 2000
XIV, XVII, XIII
XVI V XI
VII, XVII, XV
VII, XIII
VII
VII, VIII, XII
VI, VII VI
XIII
(VII)
VII

14. Pandemic episodes versus emerging new genotype
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
First Pandemic
Second
Third
Fourth
Epicenter
estimated
South East
Central/South
America
Middle East
Far East
NEXT?
Genotype
II to IV V VI
VII
International
spread
Poultry(meat)
Psittacine
Pigeon
Wild birds(?)
What?
When?
Where?
How?

15. Genotype VII new subtypes
Pandemic potential?
VIId
VIIb
4th pandemic
Poultry ( free-ranging birds) poultry
Virus origin unknown
VIIe
VIIg
PR China : (recombinants?)
2003-
VIIf
PR China :
VIIh
Malaysia Indonesia/ Cambodia/Vietnam  China /Africa /
Indonesia :
Psittacine (lory, cockatto)
VIIi
Indonesia  Pakistan Israel  Bulgaria
VIIIa
India (1997), Europe(1997), South Africa (1995), Iran ( )
India : Early 1980
Psittacine (cockatto)
VIIIb
Inidia (quail)  Pakistan  Iran, Russia, India, South America
2003
PJ Miller et al., Infect Genet Evol 29: (2015)

16. Global spread of newly emerging NDVs
VIIi
VIIh
XIIIb
2011
2009
Dec 2011
2012
2013
Global spread of newly emerging NDVs
VIIh, VIIi, XIIIb: Pandemic potential?
2010
2003
2005

17. Newly emerging VIIh NDV Phylogenetic analysis
Based on F gene
From GenBank data
Since 2010

18. Nucleotide sequence identity(%) of full genome
NDV VIIh isolates from different countries
South Africa/2013 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ID
0.999
0.924
0.925
0.941
0.921
0.918
0.922
0.919
0.996
0.898
0.99
0.968
0.989
0.969
0.896
0.893
0.895
0.967
0.988
0.965
Malaysia/2004
Malaysia/2005
Malaysia/2011
Malaysia/2011
Malaysia/2013
China/2012
China/2011
1, MB128/04; 2, MB076/05; 3, IBS002/11; 4, IBS005/11; 5, IBS025/13; 6, chicken/Guizhou/1032/12; 7, egret/China/Guangxi/11; 8, turkey/SA/N2057/13.

19. Simplot analysis of NDV VIIh genotype isolates.
Query virus: Malaysian isolate IBS002/11

20. Global spread of newly emerging NDVs
VIIi
VIIh
XIIIb
2011
2009
Dec 2011
2012
2013
Global spread of newly emerging NDVs
VIIh, VIIi, XIIIb; pandemic potential?
2010
2003
2005

21. Protection efficacy against VIIh NDV by vaccination
Using 3 week-old SPF chickens
Unpublished data

22. Protection efficacy against VIIh NDV by vaccination
using commercial broilers with MDA
ND vaccination
ND Serology(HI, log2)
NDV challenge (day 35)
Day Day 14
Day Day 35
Mortality Virus shedding*
(%) (viral copy no log10)
G1 B1 spray La Sota ±𝟎.𝟓𝟏 𝟓.𝟔𝟎±𝟐.𝟎𝟗 𝟎% 𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟏.𝟑𝟓±𝟑.𝟑𝟏
recVII (killed) (Drinking)
G2 B1 spray La Sota ±𝟎.𝟓𝟐 𝟓.𝟑𝟎±𝟏.𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟓% 𝟑 𝟐𝟎 𝟕.𝟔𝟒±𝟑.𝟗𝟖
La Sota (killed) (Drinking)
G3 No vaccination ±𝟎.𝟓𝟐 <𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟏.𝟏𝟎±𝟎.𝟔𝟏
(Roohani et al., J Vet Sci 16: , 2015)

23. To minimize economic loss by genotype VII ND
1. Strengthen biosecurity measures
to overcome incomplete protection conferred by vaccination
Use more immunogenic vaccines
to improve the protective immunity (eg, antigen matched vaccine)
3. Apply for appropriate vaccination program
to enhance protective effect (eg, vaccination route, age)
4. Control immunosuppressive infectious diseases
Especially infectious bursal disease (IBD)

24. Acknowledgement OIE ND Reference Laboratory Universiti Putra Malaysia
Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency
Dr. HJ Lee
Dr. I Jang
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Institute of Bioscience
Prof. AR Omar
Dr. SW Tan
Seoul National University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Prof. HJ Kwon
Malaysian Veterinary Research Institute
Dr. RM Rahman

25. Thank for your attention