1. Respiratory System

2. Respiration Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of lungs
External respiration: Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
Internal respiration: Gas exchange between the blood and tissues

3. Respiratory System Functions
Gas exchange: Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves
Regulation of blood pH: Altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels
Voice production: Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech
Olfaction: Smell occurs when airborne molecules drawn into nasal cavity
Protection: Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them

4. Respiratory System Divisions
Upper tract
Nose, pharynx and associated structures
Lower tract
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

5. Nose and Pharynx Nose External nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Functions
Passageway for air
Cleans the air
Humidifies, warms air
Smell
Along with paranasal sinuses are resonating chambers for speech
Pharynx
Common opening for digestive and respiratory systems
Three regions
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

6. Larynx Functions Maintain an open passageway for air movement
Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx
Vocal folds are primary source of sound production

7. Vocal Folds

8. Trachea Windpipe Divides to form Primary bronchi
Insert Fig 23.5 all but b

9. Tracheobronchial Tree
Conducting zone
Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for removal of debris
Passageway for air movement
Cartilage holds tube system open and smooth muscle controls tube diameter
Respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
Site for gas exchange

10. Tracheobronchial Tree

11. Bronchioles and Alveoli

12. Lungs Two lungs: Principal organs of respiration
Right lung: Three lobes
Left lung: Two lobes
Divisions
Lobes, bronchopulmonary segments, lobules

13. Ventilation Movement of air into and out of lungs
Air moves from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure
Pressure is inversely related to volume

14. Pulmonary Volumes Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal inspiration or expiration (500 ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume (3000 ml)
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air forcefully expired after expiration of normal tidal volume (1100ml)
Residual volume
Volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration (1200 ml)

15. Pulmonary Capacities Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity
Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume (3500 ml)
Functional residual capacity
Expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume (2300 ml)
Vital capacity
Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume (4600 ml)
Total lung capacity
Sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and residual volume (5800 ml)

16. Spirometer and Lung Volumes/Capacities

17. Minute and Alveolar Ventilation
Minute ventilation: Total amount of air moved into and out of respiratory system per minute
Respiratory rate or frequency: Number of breaths taken per minute
Anatomic dead space: Part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place
Alveolar ventilation: How much air per minute enters the parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange takes place