1. The Exercise of power: World War I
History 112
Saunders

2. Outcome Outcome 3.2.2
Express how power is typically exercised on a continuum and that the exercise of power can have both intended and unintended consequences
Analyze the ingredients of power potential

3. The Logic of Power article
Read the article
Create a graphic organizer for the information contained in the article
Be prepared to discuss it

4. Why Do Countries Go To War?
Questions:
What are some reasons countries go to war?
Simple Answer:
TO FORCE OTHERS TO GIVE YOU SOMETHING YOU WANT.

5. Why Do Countries Go To War?
Going to war does not just happen! It is usually a LAST RESORT.
Many other options are usually considered first.
Countries can come to the decision to go to war slowly or quickly.

6. War - A “Last Resort” Question: Why is war a last resort? Answer:
It’s risky!
- Because the outcomes (or consequences) of war are extremely hard to predict (we don’t know what will happen).

7. Consequences of War
Consequences: Things that happen as a result of something else.
In this case, things that happen because of war. The effects of war.

8. Consequences of War Individual Task:
What are some consequences of war?
Take one minute, make a list of as many consequences of war that you can think of.

9. Intended vs Unintended Consequences
things you want to happen or think will happen.
Unintended consequences
things you don’t know will happen
3 minutes – Great Moments in Unintended Consequences
Example: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Many people died (intended)
The Treaty of Versailles led to WWII (unintended)

10. Social Consequences of war
Birth rates went down with the death of millions.
Homes were lost, so people fled to other countries.
The role of women changed They played a major role replacing men in factories and offices when they were on the front lines.
Women also gained many rights, including the right to vote.

11. Economic Consequences of war
Great Britain and Germany spent about 60% of the money their economy produced.
Countries had to raise taxes.
Money was printed to buy weapons and other war needs. This led to inflation after the war.
Reparations

12. Political Consequences of war
Four Monarchies come to an end:
Russia = Czar Nicholas II
Germany = Kaiser Wilhelm
Austria-Hungary – Emperor Charles
Ottoman Empire – Sultan
New Countries were created out of old empires.
Austria-Hungary was carved into a number of independent states.
Germany gave land to Poland
Middle Eastern Countries now controlled by Great Britain and France.
The remainder of the Ottoman Empire became Turkey

13. War and Power Question:
If countries go to war to get what they want, how do they do this?
Answer:
Countries rely on POWER to get what they want.
But power can come in many different forms.

14. POWER Brainstorm: What do you think of when I say …POWER?
What ‘ingredients’ do you need for potential power???

15. Power is exercised on a Continuum
Threaten Use of Force
Negative Sanctions
Asking Nicely
Positive Sanctions
Use of Force
Diplomatic Sanctions

16. Power & War (Think, pair, share)
Question: What is power? What does it look like?
Answer: The ability of an actor on the international stage to use tangible and intangible resources and assets in such a way as to influence the outcomes of international events to its own satisfaction. OR
Using what you have to get what you want.
Examples:
economic power - money, manufacturing, resources, trade
military power - soldiers, weapons, technology
media power - shapes the public’s opinions, convinces more power to join the war effort. Propaganda
Political power - leadership, diplomacy
What did each country want during WWI?
And what were the goals of these great powers at the beginning of the war?
The Germans wanted to expand their colonial empire as well as to achieve greater security by ending their encirclement by their enemies - Russia and France.
The Balkan peoples of Croatia, Serbia, and Bulgaria all wanted independence from their Austian rulers.
The Russians wanted access to warm water ports through the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire so that it could expand its navy and trading.
The Austrians wanted things to cool down in the Balkans so their empire could stabilize.
The British wanted to honor its treaty obligations to Belgium (signed in 1839 and guaranteed Belgium's neutrality in wartime) and to prevent Germany from achieving a position of overwhelming strength in Europe.

17. Exercise of Power Recap
Going to war does not just happen.
Other options are considered.
Generally a country will move toward war through decisions with increasingly serious consequences.
There is a progression as countries move through this continuum, which can be slow or fast.
Moving toward military action is more likely to create unintended consequences.

18. “Logic of Power” – Walter Jones
Answer the following questions. The answers will require at least a paragraph each. Be thoughtful in your answers.
In your own words, explain ‘power’ in terms of international relations.
Identify the 3 sources of power. Explain what each means in your own words.
“Not all power relationships are measured in armaments”. What does this mean? What are other ways that power relationships may be measured? Think about the class discussion and relate to the article.
What are the important features in the relationship of influence among actors. Describe using your own words.
“Force, then, is the result of an escalation in the power relationship between two actors.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain your position.
Using your notes and the reading, explain how power is exercised on a continuum.