1. Blood Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 10

2. Blood Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood
The only fluid tissue in the human body
Connective Tissue
Color Range
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
pH 7.35–7.45
Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature

3. Formed Elements = Living Cells Plasma = Non-Living Matrix
Erthyrocytes
Leucocytes
Platelets
Plasma = Non-Living Matrix
90% Water
Many Dissolved Substances
Nutrients
Salts (metal ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Waste products
Proteins
Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Antibodies – help protect the body from antigens

4. Leukocytes Erythrocytes (RBCs) Platelets (WBCs)
Carry oxygen “Bags of Hemoglobin”
Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Very few organelles
Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
Wear out in 100 to 120 days
Eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
Leukocytes
(WBCs)
Defense against disease
Complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)
Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
Normal levels are between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per millimeter
Platelets
Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
Needed for the clotting process
Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3

5. Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites
Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

6. Granulocytes Agranulocytes TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES
Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
Neutrophils
Multi-lobed nucleus with fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Fight bacterial and viral infections
Eosinophils
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Found in response to allergies, asthma, and parasitic worms
Basophils
Have histamine-containing granules
Initiate inflammation
Take part in response to hay fever and bug bites
Agranulocytes
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Lymphocytes
Nucleus fills most of the cell
Play an important role in the immune response, especially to viruses
Monocytes
Largest of the white blood cells
Function as macrophages
Important in fighting chronic infection

7. Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow
Myeloid stem cell
other formed elements
Lymphoid stem cell
lymphocytes
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell
Hemocytoblast
Occurs in red bone marrow
Blood cell formation
Hematopoiesis

8. Hemostasis Stoppage of blood flow Result of a break in a blood vessel
Coagulation
Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
Vascular spasms
Anchored platelets release serotonin
Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
Platelet plug formation
Result of a break in a blood vessel
Stoppage of blood flow
Hemostasis

9. Blood Clotting Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
The clot is broken down after tissue repair
Undesirable Clots
Thrombus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Embolus
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

10. Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia Hemophilia Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Normal clotting factors are missing

11. Blood Types and Transfusions
You Can Give Blood To
You Can Receive Blood From A+
A+  AB+
A+  A-  O+  O- O+
O+  A+  B+  AB+
O+  O- B+
B+  AB+
B+  B-  O+  O-
AB+
Everyone A-
A+  A-  AB+  AB-
A-  O- O- B-
B+  B-  AB+  AB-
B-  O-
AB-
AB+  AB-
AB-  A-  B-  O-

12. Human Blood Groups Type A Type B Type AB Type O Type A Antigens
Type B Antibodies
Donate to A or AB
Receive from A or O
iAi
iAiA
Type B
Type B Antigens
Type A Antibodies
Donate to B or AB
Receive from B or O
iBi
iBiB
Type AB
No Antibodies
Donate to AB
Universal Recipient
iAiB
Type O
No Antigens
Universal Donor
Receive from O ii

13. U.S. Blood-type Distribution O+: 38 percent of population
ABO Blood Groups
U.S. Blood-type Distribution
O+: 38 percent of population
A+ :34% of population
B+ :9% of population
O- :7% of population
A- :6% of population
AB+ :3% of population
B- :2% of population
AB- :1% of population

14. Transfusions Large losses of blood have serious consequences
Transfused blood must be of a compatible blood group
Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly
Large losses of blood have serious consequences
Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness
Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal

15. Rh Blood Groups
Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)
Most Americans are Rh+
Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood
Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor

16. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
Rh- can donate to Rh+, but Rh+ cannot donate to a Rh- individual who has been previously sensitized to it
In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy
The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems
The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child

17. Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum
Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type
Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner
Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

18. Human Blood Groups
A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system
Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)

19. Developmental Aspects of Blood
Sites of blood cell formation
The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation
Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month
Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth