1. Carbon

2. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules: three general types of structures.
1. Straight chain Branched chain Ring

3. Carbon-based molecules - made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers - the individual subunits.
Polymers - made of many monomers.

4. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s dry mass -water makes up the majority of its complete mass). Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon

5. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
1. Carbohydrates are made of:
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Monomer-monosaccharide
Polymer-polysaccharide

6. Monomer: Monosaccharides are simple sugars (glucose)
1. Carbohydrates
Monomer: Monosaccharides are simple sugars (glucose)
Polymer: Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, & glycogen
Examples: sugars (glucose & fructose) and starches
Monomer-monosaccharide ex: glucose, fructose
Polymer-polysaccharide ex: cellulose

7. 1. Carbohydrates Functions
Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
(makes up cells)
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

9. 2. Lipids Monomer: Fatty acid & glycerol
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Monomer: Fatty acid & glycerol
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Triglyceride
Monomer- fatty acid & glycerol
Polymer -

10. Functions of Lipids:
broken down as a source of energy
make up cell membranes
used to make hormones (chemical messengers)

11. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids
Monomer-fatty acid
Ex- butter, oil & cholesterol

12. unsaturated fatty acids
Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
Saturated with H atoms
Solid room temp
Butter, milk & cheese
unsaturated fatty acids
Plant foods like nuts & seeds
room temp
Vegetable oil & peanut oil
Monomer-fatty acid
Ex- butter, oil & cholesterol

13. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar phosphate “head”
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid

15. 3. Proteins
Proteins- a group of amino acids
Monomer: an Amino Acid
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Monomer-amino acids
Polymer – proteins
Ex: enzymes & some hormones

16. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Functions
storage
Structure
chemical signals
Enzymes
Transport
Examples
Enzymes
Hormones

17. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin

19. 4. Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids-organic substance that makes up DNA & RNA
Polymer nucleic acid
Monomer  nucleotide

20. 4. Nucleic acids
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

21. DNA stores genetic information
4. Nucleic acids
DNA
DNA stores genetic information
RNA
RNA builds proteins

23.
Amoeba Sisters: Video Recap Worksheet