1. Comparison of Performance Indicators of Different Types of Reactors Based on the ISOE Data
H. Janžekovič, M. Križman

2. Overview Introduction Types of reactors
Radiation protection performance indicators from the ISOE database
Conclusions

3. Introduction
The extent of control of an operation in NPPs is related to:
a risk
a potential risk taking into account emergency scenarios.
Control of an operation of radiation safety contains three main categories:
1. radiation protection of workers
2. radiation protection of the population and the environment through control
of discharges and direct radiation
3. waste management.

4. Introduction
Control of radiation safety depends on the life period of an NPP:
pre - operation phase operation decommissioning
The efficiency of control can be measured by using performance indicators
- PI.
The PI should be well defined measurable parameters which will suit regulators as well as operators to follow the relevant radiation protection issue.
Overviews of PIs can be found in the NEA/CSNI/R(2001)11 publication containing also the WANO performance indicators.

5. Introduction

6. Introduction The PI of an NPP strongly depends on:
I. Physical characteristics of an NPP
type of a nuclear power plant
life period of NPP maintenance and upgrading of an NPP
(steam generator replacement...)
refuelling practice of an NPP.
II. Management of radiation protection issues.

7. 441 nuclear power reactors in operation in 32 countries producing
Introduction
In the world *:
31 under construction
441 nuclear power reactors in operation in 32 countries producing
MW (e)
*IAEA, Nuclear Power Reactors in the World (2003).

8. Types of Reactors
Today, mainly 4 types or reactors are in commercial use:
LWR (light water reactor)
HWR (heavy water reactor - CANDU)
GCR (gas cooled reactor)
RBMK (light water graphite moderated reactor)
In addition, LWR could be
PWR (pressurised water reactor) including Russian type VVER
BWR (boiling water reactor).

9. Types of Reactors

10. Types of Reactors In the year 2002, 321 reactors were in operation*.
The total of operating experience was 6014 years.
* ISOE Rev. 63

11. Types of Reactors

12. Types of Reactors

13. Types of Reactors
* ISOE database

14. Types of Reactors PWR - Saint Alban 1, 2, France
Picture taken from

15. Types of Reactors CANDU - Darlington, Canada
Picture taken from

16. Types of Reactors GCR - Dungeness, United Kingdom
Picture taken from

17. Types of Reactors RBMK - Leningrad, Russia
Picture taken from

18. Types of Reactors
In the year 2002, 43 reactors were shut down with the mean age of
19.4 year at the time of shut-down. *
* ISOE database

19. Types of Reactors

20. Radiation Protection Performance Indicators from the ISOE Database
The performance indicator related to the occupational dose is usually
the collective dose in a time period or
trend of the collective dose.
Around 80% of all exposure is usually due to high dose jobs, which can be
estimated to represent only about 20% of all jobs in NPPs. *
*OECD, Work Management in the Nuclear Power Industry (1997)

21. Radiation Protection Performance Indicators from the ISOE Database
Picture taken from (NPP Krško, PWR)

22. Radiation Protection Performance Indicators from the ISOE Database
Widely used radiation protection performance indicators related to occupational exposure:
distribution of individual dose (maximum, average, mean etc.)
collective dose over a period
collective dose related to a specific task
normalised collective dose by energy production
percentage of internal exposure in the total dose
contamination of workers or working area
hot spots characteristics...

23. Radiation Protection Performance Indicators from the ISOE Database
The total collective dose in the year 2002 was
402.3 man Sv.
The number of workers is approximately *
*UNSCEAR, Sources and Effects of Ionising Radiation (2000)

24. Radiation Protection Performance Indicators from the ISOE Database

25. Radiation Protection Performance Indicators from the ISOE Database

26. Radiation Protection Performance Indicators from the ISOE Database

27. Radiation Protection Performance Indicators from the ISOE Database
Specific jobs contribute significantly to the occupational exposure.
Picture showing the outage at the PWR NPP taken from the archive of the SNSA.

28. Radiation Protection Performance Indicators from the ISOE Database
* The contributions are averaged over countries.
*UNSCEAR, Sources and Effects of Ionising Radiation (2000)

29. Conclusions
The comparison of performance indicators of different types of reactors
based on the ISOE database shows:
the mean age of operating reactors in 2002 was the highest for BWR and the lowest for VVER
in 2002 the PWR participating in ISOE achieved 3769 years of operating experiences while the lowest value of this parameter was 35 years, valid for RBMK
the annual collective dose for GCR shows a stable decrease in the last five years but not a stable trend for other types of reactors was observed

30. Conclusions cont.
the normalised average annual collective dose per TWh is the highest for RBMK
the contribution to the outage to the collective dose is in the range from 70 % to 87 % in 2002