1. Chapter 7 Explain the cell theory. Name the basic cell structures.
Describe prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

2. Cell Structures and functions

3. 1. Cell membrane
Function – controls what enters and exits the cell; also provides protection and support for the cell.
Structure – phospholipid bilayer (two layers of phospholipids with carbohydrate chains and protein channels). Selectively permeable barrier.
Found in all cells
Similar to the gates of a gated community, or a fence

4. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC 
HYDROPHOBIC 
Image by Riedell

5. Oil and water don’t mix!
Image from:

6. 2. Cytoplasm
Structure – clear, thick, jellylike material inside the cell. Contains cytoskeleton fibers (microtubules and microfilaments)
Function – supports, protects, and helps transport organelles inside the cell
Found in all cells
Similar to the interstates, highways, roads, and the support beams in buildings

7. 3. Nucleus
Structure – has a nucleolus (where the making of proteins begins), chromatin (grainy mixture of DNA and protein), chromosomes (condensed chromatin) and nuclear envelope
Function – controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary material DNA
Found in eukaryotic cells, plant and animal cells
Similar to the boss, city hall, library

8. 4. Nuclear envelope
Structure – flexible, selectively permeable, double membrane
Function – controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus
Found in all eukaryotic cells
Similar to a gate/door

9. 5. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus Makes RNA for ribosomes
Image from:
Dark spot in nucleus
Makes RNA for ribosomes

10. 6. Centrioles
Structure - a cylinder of microtubule pairs; found in pairs near the nucleus
Function – separates chromosome pairs during cell division
Found only in animal cells

11. 7. Mitochondria
Structure – peanut shaped, double membrane (outer is smooth and inner is folded)
Function – breaks down glucose (food) molecules to release energy
Found in all eukaryotic cells
Similar to MLGW or other similar power company

12. 8. Ribosomes
Structure – small bodies free or attached to ER and made of protein and rRNA
Function – synthesizes (assembles or makes) proteins
Found in all cells
Similar to a construction site

13. 9. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Animation from:
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
Image from:

14. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Has RIBOSOMES attached
Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported
Image from:

15. 10. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Has NO ribosomes attached
Has enzymes for special tasks

16. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from:
Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

17. 11. Golgi Apparatus Structure – stacks of flattened sacs
Function – package and export proteins, modify proteins (attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins) made by the cells in the ER.
Found in all eukaryotic cells
Similar to a shipping company (UPS/Post Office)

18. 12. Lysosome Structure – small, round organelle with a single membrane
Function – digests old cell parts; breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules
Found mostly in animal cells and only occasionally in plant cells
Similar to a garbage/recycling company

19. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
Cell wall
HUGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
No centrioles
Plant vs Animal cells

20. 13. Cell wall
Structure – rigid structure made up mostly of cellulose fibers
Function – to provide support and protection for the cell.
Found only in plant, bacteria, and fungi cells
Similar to gates of a gated community/fence

21. 14. Vacuoles
Structure – fluid-filled sacs (the largest organelle in a plant cell)
Function - store food, water, and waste
Found in eukaryotic cells; plant cells have one large vacuole and animal cells have multiple small vacuoles.
Similar to storage company or water tower

22. 15. Chloroplasts
Structure – green, oval containing chlorophyll; double membrane with inner membrane modified into sacs
Function – uses solar energy to make food (glucose) and release oxygen.
Found in plants and algae
Similar to solar energy panels

23. FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
Image from:

24. FLAGELLA
Help in cell movement

25. CILIA
Animation from:
Move cell itself

26. CILIA FLAGELLA WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Many short Few Long
Animation from:
Few
Long

27. Lowest Level
Highest Level

28. Transportation through the Cell Membrane
Active transport moves substance against the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration)
Passive transport moves substances with the concentration gradient (from high concentration to low)

29. The Cell Membrane What are the main functions of the cell membrane
The Cell Membrane What are the main functions of the cell membrane? It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides protection and support What does it mean that a cell membrane has a “lipid bilayer”? It is composed of two “bi” layers of lipid molecules with protein molecules that help certain substances to enter or exit the cell. It also has carbohydrates that behave as identity markers (name tags).

30. What does it mean when a membrane is selectively permeable?
The membrane will allow only certain materials to pass across the membrane.

31. Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration (where there are many) to an area of low concentration (where there are few).
This is a type of Passive transport since it does not require the input of additional energy.

32. Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Because it is the diffusion of water, it is also a type of passive transport.

33. Facilitated Diffusion
During facilitated diffusion, the protein channels in the cell membrane help (facilitate) certain molecules like glucose (which can not simply diffuse) to pass through those protein channels into or out of the cell.
Again, this is a type of diffusion, so it is also a type of passive transport (the movement of molecules is from areas of high concentration to low concentration)

34. Equilibrium When is equilibrium reached in a solution?
When the concentration of the solute is the same on both sides of the cell membrane or throughout a solution

35. Endocytosis
Endocytosis is the process of taking material into the cell by enfolding of the cell membrane around large molecules, clumps of food, or even whole cells.
This is a type of active transport because it requires the input of additional energy and the substance is moving against the concentration gradient (from an area of low concentration to high concentration).

36. Exocytosis
During exocytosis, the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
Because this type of transport requires the cell to use energy and the substance is moving against the concentration gradient, exocytosis is a type of active transport.

37. VOCAB
_____________ = substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution
_____________ = substance in which a solute is dissolved
SOLUTE
SOLVENT

38. Images by Riedell
__________________ = mass of a solute in a given volume of solution
CONCENTRATION
MORE
The _______ molecules there are in a given volume the ____________the concentration
GREATER

39. Use new vocab to make Koolaid
Koolaid powder
sugar
Solutes = ______________& __________
Solvent = ____________
Koolaid drink = ______________
Water
solution

40. What if there is a difference in concentration but solute molecules can’t move across a membrane?
WATER will move
until concentration
reaches equilibrium

41. Animation

42. What will happen to an animal cell placed in different solutions?
Solute concentration
Greater outside
than inside
Lower outside
than inside
Equal outside
and inside
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC
What will happen to an animal cell
placed in different solutions?

43. Cells try to “maintain stable internal conditions =
Remember:
Cells try to “maintain stable internal conditions =
____________________
HOMEOSTASIS
So an animal cell in
ISOTONIC conditions
stays same size
Water entering = water leaving
Video
Choose Blood Isotonic link

44. If cells can’t maintain “stable internal conditions” . . .
damage can result and cells can die.

45. OSMOSIS swell and possibly burst Video LESS THAN
Animation from:
OSMOSIS
Video
Choose Blood
Hypotonic link
HYPOTONIC: Concentration outside cell is ________________ inside the cell More water enters than leaves cell so cell will ___________________
LESS THAN
swell and possibly burst

46. OSMOSIS shrinks GREATER THAN Video
Animation from:
OSMOSIS
HYPERTONIC: Concentration outside cell is ____________________ inside cell
More water leaves cell than enters so cell ____________
GREATER THAN
shrinks
Choose Blood
Hypertonic link
Video

47. Animal cells _________ __________ = CYTOLYSIS = CRENATION
_________ __________
= CYTOLYSIS
= CRENATION

48. Plant cells _____ keeps ___________ = PLASMOLYSIS CELL WALL
Plant cells
_____ keeps ___________
plant cells from bursting
= PLASMOLYSIS
CELL WALL

49. VACUOLES store WATER OSMOTIC PRESSURE _____________________________ =
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
_____________________________ =
Pressure exerted by the movement of water during osmosis

50. SO WHAT? hypotonic Bath water is ________________ compared to you
Sitting in the bathtub causes your fingers and toes to wrinkle up when water ________ your skin cells by osmosis
enters

51. Grocery stores spray water on their veggies to “plump them up”

52. SO WHAT? If an organism can’t maintain homeostasis, it will die.
SO Salt water fish urinate rarely and actively pump ions out through their gills
Freshwater fish urinate constantly and actively pump ions in through their gills