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Pathways to Farming Emma Maxwell
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Todays Lesson Re-cap Crop specifics Developing cropping plans
Companion planting Successional sowing & catch cropping Plant density & Expected yield Purchasing seed
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Why grow food? Work outside Fresh Free from chemicals
Unusual varieties Good for the planet Education/ demonstration
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Assignment 2 Soil texture Soil pH Soil profile Site plan
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What to grow Favourites Expensive Unavailable
Perennial fruit and vegetables Soil type Aspect Who are you growing for? For you/ family Shops Market/ veg boxes
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How much Don’t want gluts How much do you need Storing
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Making the most of small space
Succession Intercropping Vertical planting Pots Ornamental garden
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Growing vegetables
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Plant families Pests & Diseases (P&D)
Brassicaceae Fabaceae (Legumes) Solanaceae Alliaceae (Alliums) (formally Liliaceae) Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Cucurbitaceae Chenopodiaceae Asteraceae (Compositae)
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Leguminocae Alliaceae Cucurbitaceae Brassicaceae Umbelliferae
Onions Shallots Spring onions Welsh onion Leek Garlic Cucurbitaceae Brassicaceae Umbelliferae Solanaceae Potatoes Tomatoes Aubergine Peppers Chenopodiaceae Pea Mange tout Broad bean Runner bean French bean Cucumbers Courgette Marrow Squash Gourds Cabbage Spring greens Calabrese Broccoli Cauliflower Brussels sprouts Radish Swede & Turnip Kohlrabi Oriental vegetables Chinese leaves Rocket Carrots Parsnips Celery Celeriac Parsley Fennel Spinach Beet Beetroot Chard Swiss Chard
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Solanaceae Potatoes & Tomatoes
Aubergine, peppers, potatoes, tobacco, & tomatoes Grow in temperate to tropical regions Hungry plants Need lots of manure P&D – Blight, aphids Pots.- Wire worm, scab, wart disease
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Fabaceae/ Leguminosae Beans and peas
Fix their own nitrogen Deep rooted Supply organic matter to aid water retention Broad beans and peas can over winter Early spring or autumn sowings benefit from cloche Need water at flowering time P&D – Slugs, aphids, botrytis
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Alliaceae Onion family
Hungry feeders – need nitrogen Snap of any seed heads Hoe regularly P&D – Onion fly (Seed) Birds pull out sets white rot
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Carrot & Parsnips Parsley & Coriander
Apiaceae Formally Umbelliferae Carrot & Parsnips Parsley & Coriander Biennials Light, stone free soil is best Do not muck Sow seed thinly / thin out early Hoe carefully Water in periods of drought Pests & Disease carrot root fly, parsnip canker
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Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae) Brassica’s
Like well consolidated soil Prepare soil several months in advance Hungry, give organic matter at digging Lime in Winter. P&D – Club root, aphids, caterpillars, birds, flea beetles, root fly
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Cucurbitaceae Vining plants Cucumbers Courgette Summer & winter squash
Pumpkins Melons gourds
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Asteraceae (or Compositae)
Artichokes Chamomile Cardoons Chicory Tarragon Lettuce Dandelions salsify
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Chenopodiaceae Swiss chard, beets, & spinach Plants without petals.
Grow in soil rich in salts or nitrates.
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Lamiaceae Basil, catnip, hyssop, lavender, marjoram, white horehound, lemon balm, oregano, rosemary, savory, sage, & thyme. Leaves containing many small glands that secrete essential oils. Plants highly fragrant.
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Poaceae (Grasses) Corn Rice Wheat Barley Oats Rye millet
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Leguminocae Alliaceae Cucurbitaceae Brassicaceae Umbelliferae
Onions Shallots Spring onions Welsh onion Leek Garlic Cucurbitaceae Brassicaceae Umbelliferae Solanaceae Potatoes Tomatoes Aubergine Peppers Chenopodiaceae Pea Mange tout Broad bean Runner bean French bean Cucumbers Courgette Marrow Squash Gourds Cabbage Spring greens Calabrese Broccoli Cauliflower Brussels sprouts Radish Swede & Turnip Kohlrabi Oriental vegetables Chinese leaves Rocket Carrots Parsnips Celery Celeriac Parsley Fennel Spinach Beet Beetroot Chard Swiss Chard
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Activity Think about what veg you would like to grow.
Group them in their plant families.
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Simple 4 year rotation Potatoes 1 Legumes & squashes 2 Roots & Alliums
Brassica 3
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Iain Tolhurst’s 7 year rotation.
At any one time, 65% of the land is cropped and 35% is growing green manures.
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7 year rotation Year 1 and 2 – Red clover / Lucerne / herbs (4-8 varieties) – Cut and mulched, compost applied 50 cubic metres per hectare, 2-3 applications mid-summer and autumn. The fertility building crops are the most important crops that are grown on the farm, they need to fix the nutrients for the next crops. The over wintered green manures protect the soil structure over the winter as well as holding the nutrients. Year 3 – Potatoes, with overwintered green manure (clover / vetch / ryegrass, if sown by mid-September, cereal rye for later sowing.) Sweetcorn undersown overwinter with green manures. Year 4 – Brassicas, winter / spring cropping, possible under-sow clover / vetch early September. Year 5 – Allium. Onion and leeks, Onion is intercropped with clover and yellow trefoil. Leeks are undersown with cereal rye / oats / vetch. Post onion sown crimson red clover / vetch. Diseases such as onion white rot are controlled through the rotation. The brassicas that are grown previously suppress the diseases in the soil due to their bio fumigation properties. Once these are turned in, it minimises the risks from white rot. Year 6 – Carrot after leek, parsnip after onion. Beetroot / chard late July, undersown overwinter with green manures. Broad beans sown October. Year 7 – Broad beans Feb / March, sweetcorn and squash. All crops undersown with red clover / Lucerne.
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Intercropping
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Green manures Confusing pests by colour Green cover Fix nitrogen
Cabbages Fix nitrogen Nutrient accumulators Protect from losses Ground cover
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Smell masking Carrots and alliums Onions and brassica Geranium
Carrot root fly Onion root fly Onions and brassica Geranium Toms, peppers, cabbages Lemon balm
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Marigolds Whitefly deterrent tomatoes cucurbits
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Scented aromatic oils Garlic, basil, lavender and sage PROTECT
citrus, rose, lettuce, and stone fruit discouraging aphid, fruit fly Tansy DETERS cutworm, cabbage worms, and many types of caterpillar.
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Sacrificial crops Redcurrant - blackcurrants
Hostas – lettuce and brassicas
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Variety mixes against P&D
Carrot Flyaway or Resistafly - with more prone varieties Potatoes Blight resistant potatoes in break rows
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Composite mixed seed Open pollinated
Small variation in varieties Gives more resilience to extreme weather Pests outbreaks Complex mixes Save own seed Natural variation Acclimatised to local climate, soil
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Attracting predators Flat flowers (apiaceae)
for lacewings, ladybirds and hoverflies
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Attracting pollinators
Nectar Dependent on climatic conditions : temperature, humidity and moisture in the soil. Pollen Succession of flowers Local/ native Variety of coloured flowers particular attractants are blue, purple, violet, white, and yellow. Plant flowers in clumps Variety of flower shapes
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Successional sowing Make the most of your space Avoid gluts
Gets easier with practice
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Plant density & Expected yield
Garlic Carrots Onion 12m Planting Density Row Length (L) X Seeds per Meter (S/M) X number of rows (R) Expected yield Maincrop Carrots (in 16 weeks) 10ft (3m) = 10lbs (4.5kg) 40ft (12m) = 40lbs (18kg) 1.2m
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How much seed? (Row length) x (number of seeds per Metre) x (Number of Rows) Divided by (number of Seeds Per kg) = Kg Needed (L) X (S/ M) X (R) =kg needed Seed per Kg
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Garlic Approx. 150 cloves/kg (10 cloves per bulb)
(Length) X (S per M) X (Rows) = cloves needed 12m X 6.6 X 1 = 79 cloves Need to purchase 500g approx. 25m X 6.6 X 8 = 1320 garlic cloves Need to purchase 9kg of seed garlic The bigger bulbed softneck varieties should be further apart than the smaller hardneck varieties.
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Yield & income 79 cloves planted = 79 bulbs – 10% = 70 40p = £28 18kg carrot – 20% = 14kg £1.50/kg = £21
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Costings Cost £ £ INf Seed Input Labour Sales Profit Carrot 1 21 20
Seed Input Labour Sales Profit Carrot 1 21 20 Garlic 10 28 18
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Excel Calculator Crop Row Length No. of plants Rows No. plants
Crop yield Total crop yield Yield -10% Seed Seed needed cost of seed Total cost Meters per Meter Kg per M Kg per row kg per kg Kg of seed £ garlic 12 6.6 1 79.2 10.8 150 0.528 20 10.56 carrot 16 192 1.5 18 16.2 #DIV/0! potatoes early 4 2 96 1.78 21.36 42.72 38.4 8 3 24 potatoes main 3.3 36 72 64.8 19.8
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Costs & Income Crop Total cost Inputs Labour Total outgoings Income
Sales Profit of seed £ per kg garlic 10.56 3.5 37.8 27.24 carrot 2 1.5 24.3 22.3 potatoes early 24 57.67 33.672 potatoes main 19.8 1 64.8 45
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Octr Nov Dec Strawberries * * Beetroot Brussels Sprouts Basil Broad Beans Carrots Calabrese Cabbages Cauliflowers Chard Chives Celeriac Celery Courgettes Cucumbers Fennel French Beans Jerusalem Artichokes Kale Kohl Rabi Leeks Lettuce Onions Parsley Parsnips Peppers Peas mange tout Potatoes Runner Beans Spring Onion Spinach Salad Packs Spring Greens Sprouting Broccoli Squash Sweet Corn Tomatoes Turnip This seasonal calendar gives you a rough guide as to the availability of vegetables during the year. Due to weather circumstances there may be occasional changes to this schedule. Inevitably there are sometimes crop losses.
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Activity Think about what food you would like to grow.
Calculate planting distances and expected yield.
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Perennial planting Veg Fruit Nuts Herbs
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Fruit Fruit trees Soft fruit Bush fruit Strawberries
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Seeds Seeds Organic Conventional Heritage Transplants
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Emma Maxwell Ash & Elm Horticulture
Horticultural Services
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