1. Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200-1500 Chapter 11

2. Classical Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica 200-900

3. Teotihuacan
Large Mesoamerican city from It population was _____ to ______. Dominated by religious structures, including pyramids and human sacrifice.
125k, 200k

4. Agricultural innovation
Farming families
Irrigation
Chinampas
Lodging
Apartment-like buildings
Commoners:
Residential compounds
Elites:
Forced to move to city, floating gardens; commoners made pottery, obsidian tools and weapons; controlled state bureaucracy, tax collection, and commerce

5. Government Collapse in 650: Family v. Kings Goals of military:
Families ruled the nation; they ruled weak kings that were figureheads. No single ruler!!To protect long distance trade and ensure farmers paid taxes or tribute to elite; mismanagement of resources, conflict with elite, and invasion

6. The Maya
, in modern day _______, _____, ______, and ____. However:
Agricultural productivity
Elevated fields, terrace fields
Forest resources
Irrigation systems
Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and southern Mexico. They never unified and fought each other for regional dominance.

7. Large city states Religion Military Women Impressive monuments
Simple technology
Religion
Three layers:
rulers/elites served as priests
Military
Captives, not territory. Why?
Women
Elite
Non-Elite
Levers and stone tools; heavens, human, and underworld; sacrifice, bloodletting, fasting, hallucunating rituals, elite women-bloodletting rituals- 2 ruling women, non elite- agricultural or textile production- all women played a signifigant role in house and religious roles

8. Technology
The most important developments were the ______, ______, and _______.
Collapse
Reasons:
Calandar, math, writing system; disruption of mesoamerican trade, upon the fall of the Teotihuacan, overpopulation, and disease. Calander long time- important in mesoamerican society

9. The Post-Classic Period in Mesoamerica, 900-1500
population, increased agricultural practices, military, Conquest,

10. The Toltecs
Arrived in central Mexico in the 10th century, built on legacy of Teotihuacan.
Politics and War
Tula
First conquest
Dual kings, eventually led to:
Destroyed by invaders around 1156
More politicaly advanced and dedicated to warfare and sacrifice. Two kings ruled together=Internal conflict around 1000

11. The Aztecs/Mexica
Originally northern people with clan based social organization. Established the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlateloco around 1325.
Monarchy
No primogeniture
Mexico City; twin capitals; DID NOT HAVE ABSOLUTE POWER

12. How did kings increase their wealth and power?
Aztec Empire increased resulting in:
Agricultural production was increased by undertaking land reclamation projects and constructing irrigated fields and chinampas.
Merchants
Simple technology:
Economy
Disproportionate income
barter
A “real” tribute and
forced labor from ______.
Territorial conquest, unequal distribution of wealth, commoners lost ability to influence political decisions; no wheeled vehicles, draft animals, or money was used; conquest led to more wealth for elites, nobles, and warriors. Disproportionate income, food, wives

13. Religion Polytheistic Huitzilopochtli, sun god Healthy diet of ______.
Hearts, sacrifice of thousands a year.

14. Northern Peoples
Mesa Verde

15. Southwestern Desert Cultures
Irrigation agriculture was introduced to Arizona from ______ around 300 B.C.E.
Hohokam
Anasazi emerged around
population
Developed a maize, rice, and
bean economy
constructed kivas
exerted some political/religious dominance
over a large region.
Declined in 12th,13th century:
MEXICO- population 15,000; Constructed extensive irrigation works in Salt and Gila valleys around underground buildings in CO,UT,NM,AZ; war, drought, and overpopulation

16. Mound Builders: The Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian Cultures
hierarchical _____ and _____ society in the Ohio Valley. Blended with Hopewell in 100 C.E.
Hopewell
Ohio Valley but extended trade to:
hereditary chiefs
mounds
hunter, gatherer; IL, MI, WI, NY, Ontario, FL. like Adena, hunters and gatherers. chiefs were priests and conducted trade. mounds were used as burial sites and sites for temples

17. Hopewell sites and technology were linked to Mississippian culture ( ). Urbanized chiefdoms were made possible by increased agricultural productivity, the bow and arrow, and expanded trade networks.
Cahokia 1200
population _____
largest mississippian center, 30,000, declined because of population pressure and climate changes

18. Andean Civilizations, 200-1500

19. Cultural Response to Environment Challenge
How did the harsh high altitudes affect the life of inhabitants?
Ayllu
After 1000 introduced mit’a
Divided responsibilities
Gender
Four Zones
Vertical integration
It caused them to organize labor effiecient to produce enough food to live;harsher climate but more dependable agriculture, no droughts; ayllu- clan held land collectively, obligated to work together for food and supplies to chief. Mit’a- organized members of the ayllu to provide a quota or labor workers for religious establishments, royal court, and aristocracy. Men for hunting, war, and government; women wove clothes and cared for the crops at home. Gave birth and kept working. 4 zones with different goods all exchanged goods through a network of exchange routes; exchange allong ecological boundries

20. Moche and Chimu
Peru 200, had mit’a system to produce a range of crops.
Stratified and theocratic
Artisans were skilled in textiles, portrait vases, and metallurgy.
Gold, silver, copper alloy
women
Fall:
Social hierarchy and priests and military controled wealth; earthquakes, flooding, droughts

21. Chimu 1200 Elaborate capital at Chan Chan
Luxury goods and burial grounds

22. Tiwanaku and Wari 200-1000 Tiwanaki, in Bolivia Wari, in Peru
Agricultural and urbanization
Pyramids, large enclosures,
Simple technology, copper alloy
Wari, in Peru
Some contact with Tiwanaki

23. The Inca
Small chiefdom in Cuzco until military expansion in 1430s. By 1525, the Inca constructed a huge empire.
What was the key to their wealth?
Expansion of the mit’a
Provide for the:
This sounds just like _______.
6 million, Using a strong military to expand its trade. Old, sick, and weak. Socialism-

24. Local rulers Central rule
Control by way of: military garrisons, taking hostages
Central rule
King
How did the king prove himself worthy?
Left conqured people in charge and held they by way of: Conquering more territory

25. Cultural achievements
Cuzco
Puma
Stone
Rituals, feasts, sacrifice
Cultural achievements
Didn’t create, made better
Astronomical observation
Metallurgy

26. Inca domination resulted in increased wealth, but also in reduced levels of local autonomy. When the elite fell into civil war in 1525, Inca control over its vast territories was weakened.

27. Conclusion
Both: highly integrated political economic systems long before 1500s; women important; highly stratified society; simple technology, influenced heavily by climate and geography, huge populations, conquests ruled by elites; using religion for legitimacy
In the Andes, more geographical influenced cultural integration and state formation. Use of domesticated animals, broad control expand vertical exchange system, used more trade to combat the region
Mesoamerica; no total dominant ruler, pyramids, sacrifice, tribute relationships and markets, used more technology to combat climate.