1. The enforcing of norms through either internal or external means.
Social Control
The enforcing of norms through either internal or external means.

2. Two Basic Ways of Social Control
Internalization- the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality; thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations.
Sanction- rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms of society.

3. Types of Sanctions Positive Sanctions Negative Sanctions
Formal Sanctions
Informal Sanctions

4. Positive Sanctions
An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.
Introduced to this concept early in life through family.
Ex: Positive reinforcement; compliments; pay raises; trophies; ribbons etc

5. Negative Sanctions
A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
Ex: Car towed; traffic tickets; fines; ridicule; imprisonment; probation; death

6. Formal Sanctions
A reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency such as a school, business, or government.
Ex: low grades; suspensions; pay raises; fired; fines; promotions; scholarships; imprisonment

7. Informal Sanctions
Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group.
Ex: standing ovations; compliments; smiles; pats on the back; gifts; frowns; gossip; insults; ostracism (exclusion from group)
These sanctions are particularly effective among teenagers.