1. Match the terms to their definitions
Match the terms to their definitions. What do you notice about some of the definitions?

2. Determining enthalpy changes
Friday, 19 April 2019

3. Determining Enthalpy Changes
Define and use the terms:
(i) standard conditions
(ii) enthalpy change of reaction
(iii) enthalpy change of formation
(iv) enthalpy change of combustion
(v) enthalpy change of neutralisation
Calculate enthalpy changes in kJ mol-1 from appropriate experimental results directly, including use of the relationship: energy change = mcΔT
Both a sign and units are expected in the final answer

4. Definitions You will need to learn definitions of: Standard conditions
Enthalpy change of reaction
Enthalpy change of formation
Enthalpy change of combustion
Enthalpy of neutralisation

5. Standard Conditions Standard conditions, ΔHo
Pressure of 100 kPa (1 atmosphere)
A specified temperature, usually 298K (25°C)
Concentration of 1 mol.dm-3 (if an aquesous solution)
Δ means change
H means enthalpy
means standard conditions

6. Standard Conditions
If we want a standard enthalpy change, the substance must be in it’s standard state. This is its natural physical state under standard conditions (at 100 kPa and the stated temperature).
e.g.
Magnesium
Hydrogen
Water

7. Standard enthalpy change of reaction
Standard enthalpy change of reaction, ΔrHӨ
The enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in the equation under standard conditions with all reactants and products in their standard states.
e.g.
CaCO3 (s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH = +178 kJ mol-1

8. Standard enthalpy change of combustion
Standard enthalpy change of combustion, ΔcHӨ
The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products in their standard states.
e.g.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔcHӨ = -890kJ mol-1
ΔcHӨ [CH4 (g)] = -890 kJ mol-1

9. Standard enthalpy change of formation
Standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔfHӨ
The enthalpy change of formation of a compound is the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard (stable) states under standard conditions.
E.g ΔfHӨ for water:
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) H2O(l) ΔfHӨ = -286kJ.mol-1
The ΔfHӨ for an element is always 0 kJ mol-1
ΔfHӨ [Cu (s) ] = 0 kJ mol-1

10. Allotropes
For enthalpies of formation where there are allotropes, such as for carbon (graphite and diamond), the more stable state for that element will be chosen
You will sometimes see this shown in the state symbols
E.g. C (graphite) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g)
ΔcHӨ = -394 kJ mol-1

11. Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation
The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation is the enthalpy change when the acid and alkali in the equation for the reaction neutralise each other under standard conditions to form one mole of water

12. Two enthalpy changes of reaction are shown below.
Questions
Two enthalpy changes of reaction are shown below.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) ΔH = -92 kJ mol-1
N2O4 (g)  2 NO2 (g) ΔH = +58 kJ mol-1
What is the enthalpy change of reaction for the following:
½ N2 (g) + 1 ½ H2 (g)  NH3 (g)
½ N2O4 (g)  NO2 (g)
2) Write equations for the change that occurs during the enthalpy change of combustion for each of the following compounds:
CH4 (g) b) CS2 (l) c) CH3OH (l)
3) Write equations for the change that occurs during the enthalpy change of formation for each of the following compounds:
a) C2H4 (g) b) C2H5OH (l) c) CaO (s)
From page 191 old ocr book for answers!

13. Determining Enthalpy Changes
Define and use the terms:
(i) standard conditions
(ii) enthalpy change of reaction
(iii) enthalpy change of formation
(iv) enthalpy change of combustion
(v) enthalpy change of neutralisation
Calculate enthalpy changes in kJ mol-1 from appropriate experimental results directly, including use of the relationship: energy change = mcΔT
Both a sign and units are expected in the final answer

14. Measuring Energy Changes
If we have an exothermic reaction, how would we measure how much energy it gave out to its surroundings?
Firstly we must control what the surroundings are
Insulated from the outside world
A known amount
Can we measure energy directly?

15. Measuring Energy Changes
If we know the temperature change of something, we would like to know how much energy it takes to cause that temperature change.
We need to know the specific heat capacity of the substance.

16. Specific Heat Capacity
The specific heat capacity, c is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C.
If heat exchanged with surroundings is Q:
Q = mcΔT
Q = heat exchanged (joules)
M = mass of surroundings (g)
C = specific heat capacity of surroundings
ΔT = change in temperature of the surroundings
(T final – T initial)

17. Practice Look at the example on the worksheet I have given you
(This follows the same method as the enthalpy change of neutralisation example on page 247 of the text book)
Note: your specification says to calculate the energy change in kJ mol-1
The units and sign are both expected in the final answer even if the change is +. You will lose marks for not including this

18. Now look at the exam questions

19. Now complete the questions on the worksheet
1) 25.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm-3 HCl(aq) was mixed with 25.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm-3 NaOH(aq). The temperature increased from 22.5°C to 34.5°C. Find the enthalpy change of reaction for the following equation:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l).
From old ocr text book page 193

20. 327 g of zinc powder was added to 55
0.327 g of zinc powder was added to 55.0 cm3 of aqueous copper (II) sulfate at 22.8 oC. The temperature rose to 32.3 oC. The aqueous copper sulfate is in excess. Find the enthalpy change for the reaction for the following equation: Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq)  ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

21. Determining Enthalpy Changes
Define and use the terms:
(i) standard conditions
(ii) enthalpy change of reaction
(iii) enthalpy change of formation
(iv) enthalpy change of combustion
(v) enthalpy change of neutralisation
Calculate enthalpy changes in kJ mol-1 from appropriate experimental results directly, including use of the relationship: energy change = mcΔT
Both a sign and units are expected in the final answer

22. Determining Enthalpy Changes
Define and use the terms:
(i) standard conditions
(ii) enthalpy change of reaction
(iii) enthalpy change of formation
(iv) enthalpy change of combustion
(v) enthalpy change of neutralisation
Calculate enthalpy changes in kJ mol-1 from appropriate experimental results directly, including use of the relationship: energy change = mcΔT
Both a sign and units are expected in the final answer