1. AP World History Chapter 32
The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration,
AP World History
Chapter 32

2. Postcolonial crises and Asian economic expansion
Section I
Postcolonial crises and Asian economic expansion

3. A. Revolutions, Depressions and Democratic Reform in Latin America
Cuban Revolution energized the revolutionary left and led the US to organized political and military allies in Latin America
A coup in Brazil led to the “Brazilian Solution”
Dictatorship
Government promotion of industrialization
Repression through death squads
Another military coup in Argentina led to the seven year “dirty war” against terrorism
US president Jimmy Carter worked to reestablish Panamanian sovereignty by relinquishing control of the Panama Canal

4. A. Revolutions, Depressions and Democratic Reform in Latin America
President Reagan and his administration opposed the Nicaragua government by supporting – through guns and money – the “Contras” counterrevolutionaries
The Contra-led faction in El Salvador ended when the a catholic father was killed and lack of support in the country led to the US Congress stopping Reagan’s guns-for-Contras policy.
The collapse of the Soviet Union took the “stop the spread of communism” fear of the American people
With Socialism discredited, most Latin American nations introduced reforms to reduce the economic role of the state

5. B. Islamic Revolutions in Iran & Afghanistan
An Iranian revolt in 1979 against the US backed shah resulted in a parliamentary republic with religious officials in control
Saddam Husain feared that Iran’s revolutionary government would incite Iraq’s Shi’ites to rebel, so he attacked Iran
The USSR sent its army into Afghanistan to support a newly established communist regime against the American-backed guerillas in an “unwinnable war”

6. C. Asian Transformation
Japanese economy grew at a fast rate and the was associated with an industrial economy
Corporations & banks formed an alliances of firms– a kieretsu - which received government assistance in tariffs
These tariffs and import regulations restricted foreign competition

7. D. China Rejoins the World Economy
Deng Xiaoping carried out successful economic reforms that included foreign investments and freeing industries from state control
By 2009 China had become the world’s third largest economy
But China used force to put down protests about political reforms in Tiananmen Square

8. The End of the bipolar world
Section II
The End of the bipolar world

9. A. Crisis in the Soviet Union
Most communist states by the 1980’s and 1990’s had deep divisions and strained economies
Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost, a policy of political openness and perestroika, a restructuring the economic policy

10. B. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc
In Poland, activities of a shipyard labor union, supported by the Catholic Church drew enough national attention that the Polish government imposed martial law
Solidarity became a movement, whose leaders were recognized through the nation.
Nationalism among the countries of the Socialist bloc ultimately broke up the USSR

11. B. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc
East Germany was united with West Germany in 1990
The Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 as disgust with communism boiled over
A hard-line Communist coup against Gorbachev failed and the Russian Republic took the place of the USSR
Boris Yeltsin led the popular resistance to the coup
Bosnia, a region in the Balkans, declared independence in 1992, followed by a period of ethnic cleansing by Christian Orthodox Serbs who attempted to rid Bosnia of Muslims

12. C. Africa in the Era of Global Political Change
Democracy had mixed results in Africa
Areas in Africa have suffered from democratically elected leaders using a firm military hand over their people.
Ethnic cleansing also affected Africa. In 1994, Rwandan leaders incited the Hutu to massacre Tutsi neighbors, until millions were dead or displaced.

13. D. The Persian Gulf War
First significant military conflict to occur after the breakup of the USSR
Iraq owed Kuwait a great deal of money
Iraq wanted Kuwait’s oil fields
Invasion of Kuwait in August 1990
U.S. and its allies react
Iraq’s military defeat was comprehensive

14. The challenge of population growth
Section III
The challenge of population growth

15. A. Demographic Transition
World populations increased by 100% between 1950 – 1985
Demographic Transition is the lowering of fertility rates in a nation

16. B. The Industrialized Nations
Higher levels of women’s employment and education along with access to contraception and abortion are associated with low birthrates of older industrial nations
Modern consumer culture can influence women from marrying and having children at a young age
In Russia and other former socialist nations, current birthrates are lower that death rates and life expectancy has declined

17. C. The Developing Nations
Two nations, India and China, account for approximately one-third of the world’s population.
95 % of all future populations will be in developing regions, Africa and the Muslim countries

18. D. Old and Young Populations
Developed nations face aging populations
Rely on immigration or increased use of technology to maintain industrial and agricultural productions.
Japan has created technological solutions to labor shortages because it has the oldest population of any industrial nation.

19. Unequal development and the movement of peoples
Section IV
Unequal development and the movement of peoples

20. A. The Problem of Growing Inequality
The majority of the world’s population remains in poverty, despite the unprecedented global economic growth
Nations of the Northern Hemisphere enjoy a larger share of the world’s wealth

21. B. Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities
Migration from rural areas to urban centers in the developing world accelerated rapidly after 1950
In developing nations, migrants enjoy a higher income and better standards of living in the city than they would have in the countryside

22. C. Global Migration
Although immigrants from developing nations bring many benefits to a new country, they face anti-immigrant discrimination and resentment.
Anti-immigrant feelings in industrialized nations are mostly due to an ethnically derived sense of nationality

23. Technological and environmental change
Section V
Technological and environmental change

24. A. New Technologies and the World Economy
New technologies developed after WWII
Increased productivity
Reduced labor requirements
Improved the flow of information
Intensified environmental destruction
Increased the power of industrialized nations relative to the developing world
Transnational corporations became the primary agent of technology change

25. B. Conserving and Sharing Resources
Environmental activists and political leaders began warning about the environmental consequences
Population growth
Industrialization
Expansion of agriculture onto marginal lands
Environmental degradation was especially severe in the former Soviet Union

26. C. New Technologies and the World Economy
Efforts to preserve the environment include
Recycling efforts
Promoting the use of solar and wind power
Manufacturing fuel-efficient cars
Legislative action such as
The Clean Air Act
The Clean Water Act
Endangered Species Act