1. Classical Conditioning

2. Module 15: Classical Conditioning
Introduction
Module 15: Classical Conditioning

3. Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

4. Classical Conditioning
A type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that already produces that response
Form of learning by association

5. Stimulus-Response
Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to
Response – any behavior or action

6. Stimulus-Response Relationship

7. Stimulus-Response Relationship

8. Behaviorism
The view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes.
Founded by John Watson

9. Components of Classical Conditioning
Module 15: Classical Conditioning

10. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively

11. Unconditioned Response (UCR)
The automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus
The relationship between the UCS and UCR must be reflexive and not learned

12. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A stimulus that through learning has gained the power to cause a conditioned response
The CS must be a neutral stimulus before conditioning occurs.

13. Conditioned Response The response to the conditioned stimulus
Usually the same behavior as the UCR

14. Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery
Module 15: Classical Conditioning

15. Ivan Pavlov ( )
A Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning while doing experiments on the digestive system of dogs

16. Pavlov’s Method of Collecting Saliva

17. Pavlov’s Research Apparatus

18. Pavlov’s Experiment

19. Pavlov’s Experiment

20. Pavlov’s Experiment

21. Generalization and Discrimination
Module 15: Classical Conditioning

22. Generalization
Process in which an organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli
The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response

23. Generalization

24. Discrimination
A process in which an organism produces different responses to two similar stimuli
The subject learns that one stimuli predicts the UCS and the other does not.

25. Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life: Little Albert
Module 15: Classical Conditioning

26. Little Albert 11-month-old infant
Watson and his assistant, Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats
Led to questions about experimental ethics

27. Little Albert – Before Conditioning

28. Little Albert – During Conditioning

29. Little Albert – After Conditioning

30. Little Albert - Generalization

31. Little Albert

32. Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life: Taste Aversion
Module 15: Classical Conditioning

33. Taste Aversion
Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea.
John Garcia ( )

34. Cognition and Biological Predispositions
Module 15: Classical Conditioning

35. Biological Perspective
We are predisposed to learn things that affect our survival.
We are predisposed to avoid threats our ancestors faced--food that made us sick, storms, heights, snakes, etc.--but not modern-day threats--cars, water pollution, etc.

36. Examples of Classical Conditioning
The first time you hear the song from an ice cream truck it means nothing to you (NS). However, the thought of ice cream (UCS) makes you crave it (UCR) and when you hear the song from the ice cream truck (now the CS), it makes your mouth water (CR).

37. Examples of Classical Conditioning
A soldier in the navy or armed forces may be trained to jump out of bed and snap into action (CR) at the sound of a horn. Before, the horn would have meant nothing (NS) but when paired with impending danger (UCS) the horn (CS) begins to cause the same reaction (CR)in the soldier that danger would have. Even years after, a soldier may hear a horn and sense danger

38. Examples of Classical Conditioning
When you were a child, you could always hear the garage door open when your father came home from work (NS). You ate dinner (UCS) every day very soon after he got home. One evening while at a friend's house, you heard his brother open the garage (CS) and you begin to feel hungry (CR) and ask when dinner will be ready.

39. Examples of Classical Conditioning
In school, before Ms. Stratton makes an announcement over the intercom, you can slightly hear the speaker turn on. When Ms. Stratton is talking, teachers make the class quiet down and be respectful. If a student fails to stop talking, the teacher commonly ends up punishing the student for their bad behavior. Now every time you hear the speaker turn on you stop talking and wait for an announcement to come on.

40. Examples of Classical Conditioning
Gerry wanted to teach his pet iguana to wait to be commanded to eat his food, in order to do so he would prick the lizards hand and say eat. Eventually when Gerry would tell the lizard to eat, the lizard would associate the word "eat" with the prick, so when it heard the word eat, he ate in fear of the prick.

41. The End