1. AA displacement theme seabuckthorn seed oil-nutraceutical containing omega 3 (18:3) and omega 6 (18:3) fatty acids

2. BODY FAT ACCUMULATION
Waist - all males and post-menopausal females
Hips - pre-menopausal females

3. Lecture 7a- 15 October 2018
Water-soluble vitamins

4. VITAMINS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS
Individual molecules-structures
Do not provide energy-no kcal value but can assist as coenzymes in metabolism that yields energy
Are needed in microgram or milligram quantities and
therefore are micronutrients

5. WHAT ARE THE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
B CLASS AND C
 B CLASS
Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Niacin (vitamin B3)
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Pantothenic acid
Biotin

6. B CLASS VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism
VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE)
Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism
-maintains normal appetite
-nervous system functioning
Sources-whole grains, liver, legumes, nuts
Deficiencies- beriberi (mental confusion, peripheral paralysis, anorexia, edema)
Toxicities – none known

7. VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism,
-tryptophan to niacin conversion
Sources- milk and other dairy products, whole
grain breads, eggs meat, green leafy vegetables
Deficiencies- dermatitis, cracking of the lips,
swollen tongue, photophobia, reddening of the
cornea
Toxicities-none reported

8. VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism
Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism
-promotes normal nervous system function
Sources-all protein foods, whole grain and
enriched breads and cereals
Deficiencies-4 Ds (pellagra-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia,
death)
Toxicities-flushing, liver damage, low blood pressure,
gastric ulcers, diarrhea (deficiencies)?, nausea, vomiting

9. VITAMIN B5 (PANTOTHENIC ACID)
Function-part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism
Sources -meat, poultry, whole grain cereals and legumes
Deficiencies-rare- general failure
Toxicities -perhaps diarrhea

10. VITAMIN B6 (PYROXIDINE)
 Function-coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
-helps convert tryptophan to niacin
-helps produce insulin, hemoglobin and nerve coverings and antibodies
Sources –meats, fish, poultry, fruits, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts
Deficiencies-dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions, and anemia
Toxicities-depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches

11. VITAMIN B7 (BIOTIN)
Function -coenzyme -energy metabolism
-fatty acid synthesis
-amino acid metabolism,
-glycogen formation
Sources-eggs, liver, yeast breads, gastrointestinal tract flora
Deficiencies- rare-anorexia, fatigue, depression, dry skin,
heart abnormalities
Toxicities-none reported

12. VITAMIN B9 (FOLIC ACID, FOLATE)
Folate is found in foods, folic acid is synthetic (i.e. produced commercially)
Function -coenzymes in DNA synthesis
-vital for new cell synthesis and transmission of heredity
Sources-leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver,
orange juice, fortified foods (e.g. breads)
Deficiencies-diarrhea, swollen tongue, anemia,
depression, mental confusion, fainting, fatigue
Toxicities - mask B12 deficiency

13. VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)
Function-coenzyme in the synthesis of new cells
-activates folate
-maintains nerve cells
-metabolism of some fatty and amino acids
Sources -meat, fish, poultry, milk, dairy products, eggs
Deficiencies-glossitis, anorexia, indigestion, weight
loss, anemia, numbing of hands and feet, decreased sense
of position, poor muscle coordination, poor memory,
irritability, depression, paranoia, delirium and hallucinations
Toxicities-none reported

14. ASCOBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)
Function - collagen synthesis, antioxidant, promotes
iron absorption, hormone synthesis, immune function
Sources -citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, cauliflower,
cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, mustard greens, strawberries,
tomatoes
Deficiencies -scurvy (bleeding, muscle degeneration,
delayed wound healing)
Toxicities -diarrhea, cramps, headache, insomnia,
fatigue, hot flashes, gout, aggravation

15. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS IDATME
Ingestion- oral, tube, iv
Digestion- none though food must be broken down to release vitamins for absorption
Absorption-directly into blood via facilitated diffusion
Transport-transported freely in blood
Metabolism- to correct forms and to forms for excretion
Excretion-urine and faeces-whole and metabolites of vitamins
-saliva? (whole)
-no other routes of excretion

16. FUNCTIONAL FOODS
All of foods having significant amounts of various vitamins –does this fit Health Canada’s definition of functional food? (A functional food is similar in appearance to, or may be, a conventional food, is consumed as part of a usual diet, and is demonstrated to have physiological benefits and/or reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions.)
Two issues
Concentrations
Separation of effects- eg cancer

17. (VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS)
VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS
(VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS)
No need if good diet- good diet will meet the nutritional
functions of the vitamins
Can get beneficial effects that cannot get from diet
(concentration issue)
Supplements - get concentration but also potential toxicity

18. VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Heart disease
Niacin-lower cholesterol and LDLc and increase HDLc
Vitamin C-antioxidant

19. VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED
Stroke
Niacin-lower cholesterol and LDLc and increase HDLc
Vitamin C-antioxidant

20. VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED Cancer
Cancer
Vitamin C - antioxidant

21. VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED
Metabolic stress: infection,
:trauma (e.g. head injury)
:burns
:surgery
Such metabolic stress can cause fluid loss
Increased need, due to fluid loss, for B and C vitamins
-B and C vitamins given through feeding tube or intravenously

22. VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED
birth defects-neural tube defects (ntds)
e.g. spina bifida
prior to pregnancy- female use of folic acid to prevent ntds

23. VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE CONTINUED
Common cold - vitamin C

24. VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED
Smoking
Body vitamin C levels are decreased by smoking

25. WHATS NEW IN WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN
RESEARCH?
Harris et al Vitamin C intake and breast cancer mortality in a cohort of Swedish women. Br J Cancer.109(1):
Increased dietary vitamin C intake before breast cancer diagnosis may give better breast cancer survival.