1. Bonus #1 is due today at 5pm by email
Exam #1 T 6/17 in class

2. Evolution:
A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce

3. changes drive evolution.
CB 25.3
Environmental
changes drive evolution.

4. 250 mya
180 mya
CB 26.20
Plate Tectonics
135 mya
65 mya
current

5. The environment is in constant flux
CB 22.3
The environment is in constant flux

6. Changing environment can separate populations and lead to new species…
CB 24.5
Changing environment can separate populations and lead to new species…

7. Separation does not need to be geographic
Flies raised in different environments prefer to mate with individuals from the same environment...

8. Flies raised in different environments prefer to mate with individuals from the same environment...

9. CB 25.18
Tree of Life

10. What can we do with this information about evolution?

11. Human DNA is divided into 46 chromosomes
(23 pairs)

12. Each of us are a combination of DNA from mom and dad.
X 23
in humans
X 23
in humans
X 23
in humans
Each of us are a combination of DNA from mom and dad.

13. an Animal Cell
Mitochondria

14. Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.

15. Mom provides 50. 000275% and Dad provides 49
Mom provides % and Dad provides % of DNA to offspring.
… because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

16. Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only through mother
mitochondria

17. Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

19. When did these migrations take place?

20. Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

21. Only DNA that is successfully passed on can be used to trace the past.
Fig 1

22. As DNA is passed on mutations take place
Fig 1 and 4

23. Fig 4

24. By determining the average time between mutations, we can estimate the time of the last common ancestor.
Fig 4

25. The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years.OR
A difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago.
Fig 4

26. How are we related, and where did we come from?
CB 34.41

27. The earth is covered in H. sapiens, but it wasn’t always.

28. Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
Multiregional hypothesis
“Out of Africa” hypothesis

29. Relationships of different populations using mtDNA
~150,000ya
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1

30. X Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
Multiregional hypothesis
“Out of Africa” hypothesis

31. Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

32. Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

33. Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

34. Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381
93-95% of genetic variation within population.
3-5% of genetic variation occurs between populations.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

35. “Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race” by Ashley Montagu

36. “Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race” by Ashley Montagu first published in 1942

37. There is no genetic definition of race.

38. Proposed model of human evolution/
migration (based on mt and nuclear DNA)
Additional migrations
Expansion from Asia to Africa
Out of Africa of Homo sapiens
Out of Africa
Fig 9
Out of Africa of Homo erectus

39. Bonus #1 is due today at 5pm by email
Exam #1 T 6/17 in class