1. Circulatory system functions
Transportation!!
Bring oxygen to all cells in our bodies.
Immune cells & hormones
Transport of glucose to cells in the body
Remove waste from the body

2. 3 Major Parts of the Circulatory system
Blood Vessels - routes blood travels
Heart – pumps or pushes blood through body
Blood – carries important “ *stuff ” through body
* Stuff – includes oxygen, food, & waste

3. Functions of the Blood Transportation Regulation
Dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes
Regulation
Maintain pH ( ) and Ion concentrations
Prevent loss of fluids after injury
Defense against toxins and pathogens
Stabilization of body temperature

4. Blood & blood cells Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells
plasma (55% of volume)
fluid
dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more
cells (45% of volume)
red blood cells (RBC)
transport O2 in hemoglobin
white blood cells (WBC)
defense & immunity
platelets
blood clotting
Dissolved in the plasma are a variety of ions, sometimes referred to as blood electrolytes,
These are important in maintaining osmotic balance of the blood and help buffer the blood.
Also, proper functioning of muscles and nerves depends on the concentrations of key ions in the interstitial fluid, which reflects concentrations in the plasma.

5. What’s in your Blood ? Blood Cells: ~45% volume
Red blood cells (RBC’s)
Erythrocytes
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Platelets
Blood fluid (~55% volume)
Plasma
dissolved salts,
sugars, proteins

6. How the body makes blood
Blood is created in your bone marrow
The soft tissue on the inside of your bones.
Hematopoietic stem Cells
Cells that can become any type of blood cells

7. Blood Cell production Stem cells “parent” cells in bone marrow
ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis
Stem cells
“parent” cells in bone marrow
differentiate into many different types of cells
Hemocytoblasts
Found in bone marrow
white blood cells
white blood cells
red blood cells
Recently, researchers succeeded in isolating pluripotent stem cells and growing these cells in laboratory cultures. Purified pluripotent stem cells may soon provide an effective treatment for a number of human diseases, including leukemia. A person with leukemia has a cancerous line of the stem cells that produce leukocytes. The cancerous stem cells crowd out cells that make erythrocytes and produce an unusually high number of leukocytes, many of which are abnormal. One experimental treatment for leukemia involves removing pluripotent stem cells from a patient, destroying the bone marrow, and restocking it with noncancerous stem cells. As few as 30 of these cells can completely repopulate the bone marrow.

8. Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
also called erythrocytes
Carry oxygen to ALL cells in the body.
Not actually cells; have no nucleus or mitochondria

9. Red blood cells Small round cells produced in bone marrow
lose nuclei & mitochondria
more space for hemoglobin
iron-containing protein that transports O2
last 3-4 months (120 days)
filtered out by liver
~3 million RBC destroyed each second
Enucleated RBC
The nucleus is squeezed out of the cell and is ingested by the macrophage.
Cellular Life Expectancy
Red blood cells usually circulate for only about 3 to 4 months and are then destroyed by phagocytic cells in liver & spleen.
Enzymes digest the old cell’s macromolecules, and the monomers are recycled.
Many of the iron atoms derived from hemoglobin in old red blood cells are built into new hemoglobin molecules. But some are reused in digestive bile.
As adults, we make more than 2 million red blood cells in our bone marrow every second to replace those lost through normal attrition.

10. Red blood cell production
Erythropoiesis- occurs in bone marrow
5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human blood
5 liters of blood in body = 25 trillion RBC
produce ~3 million RBC every second in bone marrow to replace cells lost
each RBC 250,000 molecules hemoglobin
each Hb molecule carries 4 O2
each RBC carries 1 million O2
A negative–feedback mechanism, sensitive to the amount of O2 reaching the body’s tissues via the blood, controls erythrocyte production. If the tissues do not receive enough O2, the kidney synthesizes and secretes a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates production of erythrocytes. If blood is delivering more O2 than the tissues can use, the level of EPO falls and erythrocyte production slows.
Physicians use synthetic erythropoietin to treat people with health problems such as anemia, a condition of lower–than–normal hemoglobin levels. However, some athletes abuse EPO by injecting themselves with the drug to increase their erythrocyte levels. This practice, known as blood doping, is banned by the International Olympic Committee and other sports federations. In 2002, several athletes competing in the winter Olympics in Salt Lake City tested positive for EPO–like chemicals and as a result were stripped of some of their medals.

11. Hemoglobin
Protein which carries O2 O2 O2 O2

13. White Blood Cells (WBC’s)
also called leukocytes
Help fight off infections in the body (Immune cells) by moving to various locations

14. White Blood Cells WBC’s are much Larger than RBC’s
Contain internal organelles i.e nucleus and mitochondria
WBC’s are part of your immune system as well.

15. Types of WBC’s The three major types of white blood cells are:
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

16. Platelets Thrombocytes
Small fragments of cells that initiate the clotting process in response to injury.
stick to breaks in the blood vessel wall & other platelets
Platelets change shape when they become sticky. 

17. Blood Clotting video

18. Blood clotting emergency repair of circulatory system
chemical emergency signals
platelets seal the hole
fibrin protein fibers build clot
Inherited defect in any step of the clotting process causes hemophilia, characterized by excessive bleeding from even minor cuts & bruises

19. Plasma
yellowish liquid that carries nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body
Makes up most of the blood volume (~55%)

20. Functions of the Plasma
Transport dissolved nutrients: sugars, amino acids, fats, salts, minerals, etc.
Carry waste products: CO2, lactic acid, urea, etc.
Antibodies
clotting proteins (called clotting factors), chemical messengers hormones
maintains the body's fluid balance.

21. Cells of the Blood
Scanning electron micrograph of T lymphocyte(WBC) (right), a platelet (center) and a red blood cell (left)

22. Blood Types The four main blood groups are:
Type A.  Express antigen "A.“
Type B.  Express antigen "B.“
Type AB.  Expresses both antigens  A and B.
Type O.  Has no antigens
(Not A nor B)

23. Blood Types
Your Blood Type is based upon what Antigen your RBC’s Express

24. What is blood type?
RBC’s have antigens on the outside of the cell membrane.
Antigens- Self recognition Proteins
Protects RBC’s from our own immune cells

25. Antibodies and WBC’s
Antibodies → immune system → fight foreign bacteria/ virus
Antibodies attach themselves to the foreign substances
Signal for destruction/ digestion

26. Antigen antibody interactions
Antibodies will bind to antigens if they have the same shape
Antibodies bind to the same type of antigen
EX: “A” type antigen matches the anti-A antibody

27. What’s in your blood ?
your WBC’s make antibodies opposite of your blood type

28. Agglutination
The antibody binds multiple particles creating a large complex.
Can occur when people are given blood transfusions of the wrong blood type

29. Rh Factor: the “+” or “–” part
Rh factor is another antigen expressed on the membrane of RBC’s
If you have the antigen your blood type is “+”
EX: A+ RBC’s have the “A” antigen and the Rh antigen
If you do not have the Rh antigen then your blood type is “-”
EX: B- RBC’s have the B antigen but not the Rh antigen

30. Blood Transfusions When you receive blood from a doctor through an IV
You need a Transfusion if you have:
Serious loss of blood from injury
Chemotherapy
Hemophilia
Liver or kidney problems
If you get the wrong blood type your blood will clot and you may die!!